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Damian Gordon
   Static Testing is the testing of a component or
    system at a specification or implementation
    level without execution of the software.

   Dynamic Testing is the testing of software by
    executing the software of either a component
    or system.

   Static Testing and Dynamic Testing are
    complementary methods and tend to find
    different types of defects effectively and
    efficiently.
   Static Testing detects defects such as
    deviations from standards, missing
    requirements, design defects, non-
    maintainable code and inconsistent
    interface specifications.

   Dynamic Testing detects defects such as
    checking if outputs from the expected
    values.
   One key approach in Static Testing is the
    Review Process.

   Reviews can find defects, are informational,
    communicational, and educational.
   Participants in the review learn the content
    of the software systems, the role of their
    own work, help planning for future stages of
    the work.
   Reviews often represent milestones, and
    support the establishments of a baseline for
    the software product.
   The type and quantity of defects found
    during the review stage can help focus the
    testing process.
   In some cases customers or users attend the
    review process and provide feedback to the
    developers and document authors.
   Studies have shown the reviews significantly
    increase productivity and product quality.
   They can be either informal or formal.
   The formality of the review process is
    related to factors such as the maturity of the
    development process, any legal or
    regulatory requirements or the need for an
    audit trail.
   In practice most reviews are informal.
   A two-person team can conduct an informal
    review, as the developer/author can get a
    colleague to review the code and
    documentation.
   Phases of a Formal Review
    1.   Planning
    2.   Kick-Off
    3.   Preparation
    4.   Review Meeting
    5.   Rework
    6.   Follow-up
   1. Planning
   The authors/developers request a review.
   A moderator is assigned – this is the leader
    of the review process.
   The project planning needs to incorporate
    time to undertake the review.
   The planning must start with deciding an
    entry criteria to ensure that document is
    ready for review.
   1. Planning
   Entry Criteria
   The set of generic and specific conditions
    for permitting a process to go forward with
    a defined task, e.g. Test phase. The purpose
    of entry criteria is to prevent a task from
    starting which would entail more (wasted)
    effort compared to the effort needed to
    remove the failed entry criteria.
   1. Planning
   Minimum set of criteria for performing entry
    check:
    ◦ A short check of a product sample by the moderator
      does not reveal a large number of defects, e.g. After
      30 minutes of checking, no more than 3 major defects
      are found in a single page or fewer than 10 major
      defects in total in a set of 5 pages.
    ◦ The document to be reviewed is available with line
      numbers.
    ◦ The document has been cleaned up by running any
      automated checks that apply.
    ◦ References needed for the inspection are stable and
      available.
    ◦ The document author is prepared to join the review
      team and feels confident with the quality of the
      document.
   1. Planning
   The review will focus on a few different
    things:
    ◦ Focus on higher-level documents, e.g. Does the
      design comply to the requirements
    ◦ Focus on standards, e.g. Internal consistency,
      clarity, naming conventions, templates
    ◦ Focus on related documents at the same level,
      e.g. Interfaces between software functions
    ◦ Focus on usage, e.g. For testability and
      maintainablity
   2. Kick-Off
   The review starts with a kick-off meeting, to
    make sure everyone is on the same
    wavelength regarding the document under
    review.
   The meeting consists of a short introduction
    to the objectives of the review and the
    documents.
   Role assignments, checking rate, the pages
    to be checked, process changes and
    possible other questions are discussed at
    this meeting.
   3. Preparation
   Participants identify defects, questions, and
    comments, according to their understanding
    of the document and their role.
   A checking rate is decided, which is the
    number of pages checked per hour, usually
    about 5 to 10 pages per hour, depending on
    complexity.
   4. Review Meeting
   Usually made up of the following phases:
    ◦ Logging phase
    ◦ Discussion phase
    ◦ Decision phase
   4. Review Meeting
   Logging Phase:
   The issues that have been identified in the
    Preparation stage are logged.
   To ensure progress and efficiency, no real
    discussion is allowed during the logging
    phase.
   Each defect is logged with a severity:
    ◦ Critical: defects will cause downstream damage.
    ◦ Major: defects could cause downstream damage.
    ◦ Minor: defects are not likely to cause downstream
      damage.
   4. Review Meeting
   Discussion Phase:
   Each of the defects that require discussion
    are discussed, with a chairman preventing
    discussions from getting too personal.
   4. Review Meeting
   Decision Phase:
   At the end of the discussion phase, a
    decision is taken about the document under
    review. If the number of defects found per
    page exceeds a certain level, the document
    may need to be reworked, and reviewed
    again.
   5. Rework
   Based on the defects detects, the author will
    improve the document under review, step-
    by-step.
   Always, every, all, none, never, … (absolutely
    sure?)
   Certainly, therefore, clearly, obviously,
    customarily, most, … (persuasion lingo)
   Some, sometimes, often, usually, ordinarily,
    customarily, most, … (vague)
   etc., and so forth, and so on, such as, … (not
    testable)
   Good, fast, cheap, efficient, small, stable, …
    (unquantifiable)
   Handled, processed, rejected, skipped,
    eliminated…
   If … then … (missing else)
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The moderator
   The author
   The scribe
   The reviewers
   The manager
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The moderator serves as the review leader,
    they determine the type of review, approach
    and the composition of the review team.
   The moderator performs the entry check,
    and the follow-up on the rework.
   The moderator also schedules meetings,
    disseminates documents, leads discussions
    and stores relevant data.
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The author writes the original document and
    seeks to improve the quality of the
    document by working with others.
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The scribe records all of the defects during
    the logging meetings.
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The reviewers (also called checkers and
    inspectors) check the documents for
    defects.
   Reviewers are chosen to represent different
    perspectives in the review.
   Roles and Responsibilities
   The manager decides on the execution of
    reviews and determines whether review
    process objectives have been met.
   Types of Reviews
   Walkthrough
   Technical Review
   Inspection
   Types of Reviews
   Walkthrough
   The author guides the review team through
    the document, to achieve a common
    understanding and gather feedback.
   This means the author does a range of
    preparation, and the review team don’t need
    to do a detailed study before the meeting.
   A walkthrough is especially useful for
    higher-level documents, like requirements
    specifications and architectural documents.
   Types of Reviews
   Technical Review
   This approach focuses on developing a
    consensus about the technical content of
    the document.
   Defects are found by technical experts, who
    focus on the content of the document (as
    opposed to considering any relevant
    legislation and standards, referenced
    documents, and intended readership).
   Types of Reviews
   Inspection
   This approach is the most formal review type.
   The document is inspected thoroughly be the
    reviews before the meeting, comparing the
    work product with its sources and other
    referenced documents, and using rules and
    checklists.
   The defects found are logged and any
    discussion is postponed until the discussion
    phase.
   This makes the inspection meeting a very
    efficient meeting.
   Let’s do one.

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Software Testing 4/5

  • 2. Static Testing is the testing of a component or system at a specification or implementation level without execution of the software.  Dynamic Testing is the testing of software by executing the software of either a component or system.  Static Testing and Dynamic Testing are complementary methods and tend to find different types of defects effectively and efficiently.
  • 3. Static Testing detects defects such as deviations from standards, missing requirements, design defects, non- maintainable code and inconsistent interface specifications.  Dynamic Testing detects defects such as checking if outputs from the expected values.
  • 4. One key approach in Static Testing is the Review Process.  Reviews can find defects, are informational, communicational, and educational.  Participants in the review learn the content of the software systems, the role of their own work, help planning for future stages of the work.  Reviews often represent milestones, and support the establishments of a baseline for the software product.
  • 5.
  • 6. The type and quantity of defects found during the review stage can help focus the testing process.  In some cases customers or users attend the review process and provide feedback to the developers and document authors.  Studies have shown the reviews significantly increase productivity and product quality.
  • 7. They can be either informal or formal.  The formality of the review process is related to factors such as the maturity of the development process, any legal or regulatory requirements or the need for an audit trail.  In practice most reviews are informal.  A two-person team can conduct an informal review, as the developer/author can get a colleague to review the code and documentation.
  • 8. Phases of a Formal Review 1. Planning 2. Kick-Off 3. Preparation 4. Review Meeting 5. Rework 6. Follow-up
  • 9. 1. Planning  The authors/developers request a review.  A moderator is assigned – this is the leader of the review process.  The project planning needs to incorporate time to undertake the review.  The planning must start with deciding an entry criteria to ensure that document is ready for review.
  • 10. 1. Planning  Entry Criteria  The set of generic and specific conditions for permitting a process to go forward with a defined task, e.g. Test phase. The purpose of entry criteria is to prevent a task from starting which would entail more (wasted) effort compared to the effort needed to remove the failed entry criteria.
  • 11. 1. Planning  Minimum set of criteria for performing entry check: ◦ A short check of a product sample by the moderator does not reveal a large number of defects, e.g. After 30 minutes of checking, no more than 3 major defects are found in a single page or fewer than 10 major defects in total in a set of 5 pages. ◦ The document to be reviewed is available with line numbers. ◦ The document has been cleaned up by running any automated checks that apply. ◦ References needed for the inspection are stable and available. ◦ The document author is prepared to join the review team and feels confident with the quality of the document.
  • 12. 1. Planning  The review will focus on a few different things: ◦ Focus on higher-level documents, e.g. Does the design comply to the requirements ◦ Focus on standards, e.g. Internal consistency, clarity, naming conventions, templates ◦ Focus on related documents at the same level, e.g. Interfaces between software functions ◦ Focus on usage, e.g. For testability and maintainablity
  • 13. 2. Kick-Off  The review starts with a kick-off meeting, to make sure everyone is on the same wavelength regarding the document under review.  The meeting consists of a short introduction to the objectives of the review and the documents.  Role assignments, checking rate, the pages to be checked, process changes and possible other questions are discussed at this meeting.
  • 14. 3. Preparation  Participants identify defects, questions, and comments, according to their understanding of the document and their role.  A checking rate is decided, which is the number of pages checked per hour, usually about 5 to 10 pages per hour, depending on complexity.
  • 15. 4. Review Meeting  Usually made up of the following phases: ◦ Logging phase ◦ Discussion phase ◦ Decision phase
  • 16. 4. Review Meeting  Logging Phase:  The issues that have been identified in the Preparation stage are logged.  To ensure progress and efficiency, no real discussion is allowed during the logging phase.  Each defect is logged with a severity: ◦ Critical: defects will cause downstream damage. ◦ Major: defects could cause downstream damage. ◦ Minor: defects are not likely to cause downstream damage.
  • 17. 4. Review Meeting  Discussion Phase:  Each of the defects that require discussion are discussed, with a chairman preventing discussions from getting too personal.
  • 18. 4. Review Meeting  Decision Phase:  At the end of the discussion phase, a decision is taken about the document under review. If the number of defects found per page exceeds a certain level, the document may need to be reworked, and reviewed again.
  • 19. 5. Rework  Based on the defects detects, the author will improve the document under review, step- by-step.
  • 20.
  • 21. Always, every, all, none, never, … (absolutely sure?)  Certainly, therefore, clearly, obviously, customarily, most, … (persuasion lingo)  Some, sometimes, often, usually, ordinarily, customarily, most, … (vague)  etc., and so forth, and so on, such as, … (not testable)  Good, fast, cheap, efficient, small, stable, … (unquantifiable)  Handled, processed, rejected, skipped, eliminated…  If … then … (missing else)
  • 22. Roles and Responsibilities  The moderator  The author  The scribe  The reviewers  The manager
  • 23. Roles and Responsibilities  The moderator serves as the review leader, they determine the type of review, approach and the composition of the review team.  The moderator performs the entry check, and the follow-up on the rework.  The moderator also schedules meetings, disseminates documents, leads discussions and stores relevant data.
  • 24. Roles and Responsibilities  The author writes the original document and seeks to improve the quality of the document by working with others.
  • 25. Roles and Responsibilities  The scribe records all of the defects during the logging meetings.
  • 26. Roles and Responsibilities  The reviewers (also called checkers and inspectors) check the documents for defects.  Reviewers are chosen to represent different perspectives in the review.
  • 27. Roles and Responsibilities  The manager decides on the execution of reviews and determines whether review process objectives have been met.
  • 28. Types of Reviews  Walkthrough  Technical Review  Inspection
  • 29. Types of Reviews  Walkthrough  The author guides the review team through the document, to achieve a common understanding and gather feedback.  This means the author does a range of preparation, and the review team don’t need to do a detailed study before the meeting.  A walkthrough is especially useful for higher-level documents, like requirements specifications and architectural documents.
  • 30. Types of Reviews  Technical Review  This approach focuses on developing a consensus about the technical content of the document.  Defects are found by technical experts, who focus on the content of the document (as opposed to considering any relevant legislation and standards, referenced documents, and intended readership).
  • 31. Types of Reviews  Inspection  This approach is the most formal review type.  The document is inspected thoroughly be the reviews before the meeting, comparing the work product with its sources and other referenced documents, and using rules and checklists.  The defects found are logged and any discussion is postponed until the discussion phase.  This makes the inspection meeting a very efficient meeting.
  • 32. Let’s do one.