This report comprehensively analyzes the technologies, players and markets with detailed ten year forecasts, including tag numbers, unit prices and interrogator numbers and prices. Details of over 75 active RFID implementations are given along with over 100 suppliers and full technology analysis - from printed batteries to Wi-Fi RFID to UWB tags. We have constructed ten year forecasts usefully segmented by frequency, application, territory, etc, and illustrated by dozens of tables and figures.

1. Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021
Report summary
This IDTechEx report comprehensively analyzes the technologies, players and markets with detailed ten year
forecasts, including tag numbers, unit prices and interrogator numbers and prices. Details of over 75 active
RFID implementations are given along with over 100 suppliers and full technology analysis - from printed
batteries to Wi-Fi RFID to UWB tags. We have constructed ten year forecasts usefully segmented by
frequency, application, territory, etc, and illustrated by dozens of tables and figures.
The active RFID market will grow to over 11 times its present size by 2018, so whether a user or supplier, you
need to keep up with this under-reported subject or get left behind.
Market forecasts
The term Active RFID incorporates many technologies including Real Time Locating Systems, Ubiquitous
Sensor Networks and Active RFID with Zigbee, RuBee, Ultra Wide Band and WiFi. Active RFID, where a
battery drives the tag, is responsible for an increasing percentage of the money spent in the burgeoning RFID
market. It will rise from 12% of the total RFID market this year to 28% in 2018, meaning a huge $7.49 billion
market. If we include the market for cell phone RFID modules (another form of active RFID), the market is an
additional $0.6 billion in 2008 and $1.55 billion in 2018.
Factors for growth
The primary factors creating this growth will be Real Time Location Systems (RTLS), and ubiquitous RFID
sensor systems (mainly disposable), including ones in the form of Smart Active Labels (SALs). Conventional
active RFID used where passive solutions are inadequate and RFID modules for mobile phones will make up
the rest. The rapid growth of the active RFID market is being driven by such factors as:
Much stronger market demand for tracking, locating and monitoring people and things. This is driven by
security, safety, cost and customer satisfaction, for example. Important factors are increased competition in
consumer goods, the new terrorism, internal theft, threatened epidemics of disease, coping with increasing
numbers of elderly persons and consumers demanding better service and more information.
Reduction in cost and size of the tags and systems. With lower power circuits, button batteries are now
adequate for most applications and even printed batteries are gaining a place. In future, miniature fuel cells,
printed photovoltaics and other power sources will have a place. This will help to overcome constraints of
lifetime, cost and size.
Development of Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) where large numbers of active RFID tags with sensors
are radio networked in buildings, forests, rivers, hospitals and many other locations.
Availability of open standards - notably the new ISO 18000-7, IEEE 802.15.4 and NFC.
Leveraging many newly popular forms of short range wireless communication, particularly WiFi and ZigBee
and including mesh networks
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

2. Use of mobile phones for purchasing, mass transit and interrogating smart posters, etc.
Active RFID sales to 2008
To the beginning of 2008, 617 million active RFID tags have been sold with the vast majority used for car
clickers (600 million). Like these, a large percentage of active RFID tags being sold in the future will replace
nothing: they will perform new functions. The second biggest use for active RFID to date has been by the
military, using 6.2 million active RFID tags so far.
We are now in the decade of most active tags having button batteries and being the size of a matchbox and
often incorporating other radio systems, and sometimes being parasitic upon them in some cases. Overlapping
this, we are starting the decade or more of active RFID in the form of a label or laminate. This has been
triggered by costs of smart active labels and battery assisted passive (BAP) tags coming down, even those
incorporating sensors, and their laminar batteries having enhanced power and life. Some will even have
displays. That will run in parallel with matchbox-sized and smaller active RFID tags that are exceptionally
capable, with such features as Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) and multiple sensing.
Strong Investment
Recently, the investment community has taken even more interest in active RFID. Of 27 recent fund raisings
by RFID companies studied by IDTechEx, 37% of the companies involved are in active RFID. 22% are in the
particularly popular RTLS sector. Recent acquisitions also favour active RFID companies. Indeed the largest
exit, for hundreds of millions of dollars, was a company selling active RFID and RTLS systems.
Active RFID a systems business
Companies involved know that this is not like the highest volume uses of passive RFID tags where disposable
labels are usually involved and the label cost can be 50% of total cost. Most active RFID (such as RTLS) is
more of a systems business.
Active tag price
With over 100 companies now involved in some part of the active RFID value chain, and considerable
government financing of research on low cost active RFID, unit prices will strongly erode, creating a strong
growth in numbers sold. The price erosion will be more rapid in some years as new technologies come into
play such as new microbatteries and printed logic.
Throughout the next ten years, RTLS will dominate the spend on tags but this will consist of many small
orders. Mobile phone / cell phone modules will see considerable price erosion as they are increasingly
incorporated into the phone circuitry and volumes increase - already NTTDoCoMo have shipped over 47
million cellphones with RFID modules.
In the future, we see active RFID as intimately involved with many short range radio systems and interfaces,
including passive RFID.
Analysis of Active RFID implementations
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

3. In our analysis of 75 active RFID case studies from 18 countries, the largest number of projects we have
located has been in Logistics with around double the number for each of the nearest contenders - Air Industry,
Automotive/Transportation and Healthcare. Added to those as important sectors will be such things as safety
of constructions and people monitored by Ubiquitous Sensor Networks in later years. Meanwhile, RTLS is
being put in about 50 hospitals yearly, for staff, patients and assets. In the case studies, the items that are
tagged were mainly containers, followed by vehicles, conveyances and people and this probably reflects the
market as a whole.
This report is the only one to comprehensively cover the full picture around the world.
table Of Content
Executive Summary And Conclusions
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.1.1. Radio Frequency Identification (rfid)
1.1.2. Active Vs Passive Rfid
1.1.3. Sub Categories Of Active Tags
1.1.4. Three Generations Of Active Rfid
1.1.5. Many Different Ideal Frequencies For Active Rfid
1.1.6. Smart Active Labels (sal), Battery Assisted Backscatter
1.1.7. Cumulative Sales Active Vs Passive
1.1.8. Lessons From Sixty Years Of Active Rfid
1.2. Historic Active Rfid Tag Sales 2005 To 2010
1.2.1. Progress In 2005
1.2.2. Progress In 2006
1.2.3. Progress In 2007
1.2.4. Progress In 2008
1.2.5. Progress In 2009
1.3. The Active Rfid Value Chain And Paybacks
1.3.1. Value Chain
1.3.2. Project Costs And Paybacks
1.3.3. Cost Versus Rfid Choice
1.4. Total Asset Visibility
1.5. Civilian Logistics - Smart And Secure Tradelanes
1.6. Five Key Priorities For Tav
1.7. The $1 Billion Yearly Potential In The Prison Service
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

4. 2. Lessons From Case Studies Of Active Rfid
2.1. Spread Of Parameters And Applications
2.1.1. Military, Logistics And Automotive/ Transportation Are Dominant Applications So Far
2.1.2. Containers And Vehicles Are The Main Items That Are Tagged
2.1.3. Frequencies Are Varied
2.1.4. Ranges Are Varied
2.1.5. Totally New Types Of Battery
2.1.6. The Most Important Countries
2.2. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In Manufacturing
2.2.1. Volkswagen, Germany - Work In Progress
2.2.2. Peugeot, France - Work In Progress
2.2.3. Club Car, Usa - Work In Progress
2.2.4. Am General, Usa - Part Replenishment
2.2.5. Merrimac Industries, Usa - Tracking Folders
2.2.6. Bmw, Uk - Work In Progress
2.3. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In Transportation And Automotive
2.3.1. 30 Major Car Companies - Vehicle Immobilisers
2.3.2. Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China - Tracking Buses
2.3.3. Nedtrain, The Netherlands - Wheel Maintenance
2.3.4. Tracker/ Police, Uk - Locating Stolen Vehicles
2.3.5. Hills, Uk - Numberplates
2.3.6. Ford, Usa - Location Of New Cars
2.3.7. Postauto Bus, Switzerland - Bus Terminal Management
2.3.8. Tranz Rail, New Zealand - Freight Management
2.3.9. General Motors, Usa - Containers
2.3.10. Shanghai Railway, China
2.3.11. Hamburg Metro Germany
2.3.12. Parking, Arizona State University, Usa
2.3.13. Korea World Cup Vehicles
2.4. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In The Air Industry
2.4.1. Sepang Airport, Malaysia - Catering Trolleys
2.4.2. Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, Usa - Vehicle Tolling & Management
2.4.3. Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, Usa - Vehicle Tolling & Management / New York Newark
International Airport, Usa - Vehicle Tolling & Management
2.4.4. Orange County Airport, Usa - Vehicle Tolling
2.4.5. Hong Kong International Airport, China - Catering Trolleys
2.4.6. Vienna International Airport, Austria - Ground Support Equipment
2.4.7. Charles De Gaulle International Airport, France - Taxis
2.4.8. Envirotainer, Belgium - Unit Load Devices
2.4.9. Air Canada - Food Trolleys
2.4.10. Arlanda International Airport, Sweden Parking
2.5. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In Healthcare
2.5.1. National Health Service Uk Social Workers
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

5. 2.5.2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Usa People And Assets
2.5.3. St Elisabeth Medical Center Patients Usa
2.5.4. Hospitals, Israel And Elsewhere - Patient And Staff Tracking/ Alert
2.5.5. Shelby County Regional Medical Center, Usa - Patient Tracking
2.5.6. Royal Sussex County Hospital, Uk - Assets
2.5.7. Hca Hospital Dallas, Usa - Mother Baby Matching
2.5.8. Hca Hospital Arlington, Usa - Mother Baby Matching
2.5.9. French Blood Agency, France - Chemovigilance
2.5.10. Alexandra Hospital, Singapore - People Tracking For Sars And National University Hospital
Singapore - People Tracking For Sars
2.5.11. Hart District, Uk - Alarm For Elderly
2.6. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In The Military Sector
2.6.1. Kosovo/ Us Military - Military Assets And Supplies
2.6.2. Ministry Of Defence, Uk - Military Supplies
2.6.3. Nato Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (sact) Assets
2.6.4. Department Of Defense, Usa - Medical Supplies
2.6.5. Bosnia/ Uk Military - Supply Chain.
2.7. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In Logistics
2.7.1. Nyk Logistics, Usa - Intermodal Freight Containers
2.7.2. Fluor Construction, Usa Pipe Spools
2.7.3. Brink's, Usa - Transport Container Access
2.7.4. Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, Uk - Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes Rtgc Handling Intermodal
Containers
2.7.5. Agricultural Cooperative, France - Vehicle Tare Weighing
2.7.6. Yard Management, Usa
2.7.7. Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria - Trucks
2.7.8. Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, Usa - Intermodal Container Seals
2.7.9. Royal Mail, Uk - Roll Cages
2.7.10. Parcelforce, Uk - Postal Trailers
2.7.11. Mercator Transportation, Usa - Intermodal Container Tracking
2.7.12. Lynx Express, Uk - Roll Cages
2.7.13. London Waste, Uk - Vehicles
2.7.14. J.a.m Distribution And Cemex, Usa - Vehicle Loading And Fuelling
2.7.15. Hirocem, Slovakia - Trucks
2.7.16. Dhl And Nokia, Uk/ Finland - Cases
2.7.17. Intermodal Cargo Shipments
2.7.18. Carlisle Carriers, Usa - Tractors And Trailers
2.7.19. Alliant Atlantic Food, Usa - Access Control
2.7.20. Somerfield Supermarkets, Uk - Trucks
2.7.21. Argos, Uk - Conveyances
2.7.22. Paramount Farms, Usa - Farming Vehicles
2.7.23. Meat Producer, Canada - Case Monitoring
2.8. Case Studies Of Active Rfid In Retail
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

6. 2.8.1. Selfridges, Uk - Food Containers
2.8.2. Safeway Supermarkets, Uk - Trolleys
2.9. Other
2.9.1. Hm Prison Service, Uk - Keys
2.9.2. Delta Downs Racetrack And Casino, Usa - Keys
3. Components Of An Active Rfid System
3.1. The Tag
3.2. The Interrogator
3.3. Other System Components.
3.4. Multi-tag Reading (anti-collision)
3.5. Choices Of Physical Configuration Of Active Rfid Systems
3.5.1. Rfid - Basic Operation
3.5.2. One At A Time Or Many At A Time
3.5.3. Active Beacon Tags - Long Range
3.5.4. Signpost System For Long Range Active Tag Configurations
3.5.5. Real-time Locating Systems - Long Range
3.6. Options On Range
3.7. Systems Aspects
3.7.1. Network Vs Stand Alone
3.7.2. Stand Alone - Polled Vs Not Polled
3.7.3. Networked - On-line
3.8. Networking At Tag, Reader Or System Level
3.9. Data On The Device Or Network
3.9.1. Spectrum Of Choice
3.9.2. Data Capture On The Tag Or Not - A Summary
3.9.3. Continuous Monitoring Or Not
3.10. Open And Closed Service Provider Access
3.11. Networks Within Networks
3.12. Ad Hoc / Mesh Networks
3.13. The Importance Of Interoperability
3.14. Choice Of Frequency
3.14.1. Licence Free Frequencies
3.14.2. Ultra Wide Band
3.15. Supplier Case Studies
3.15.1. Parco Wireless
3.15.2. Ubisense
3.15.3. Dsrc Industry Consortium
3.15.4. Tagmaster
3.16. Impressions From The Idtechex Active Rfid And Rtls Conference
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

7. 4. Active Tag Construction
4.1. Overall Construction
4.2. Batteries
4.2.1. Battery Overview
4.2.2. Coin Type Batteries
4.2.3. Power Paper
4.2.4. Solicore, Usa
4.2.5. Infinite Power Solutions, Usa
4.2.6. Cymbet, Usa
4.2.7. Blue Spark
4.2.8. Research
4.3. Fuel Cells
4.4. Photovoltaics
4.5. Other Power Sources For Active Rfid - Energy Harvesters
4.5.1. Case Study Of Energy Harvesting Powered Active Rfid Sensors
4.5.2. An Interview With Enocean
4.6. Photocapacitors And Supercapacitors
4.7. Active Rfid With Sensing
5. Standards, Privacy And Allied Technology
5.1. Standards
5.1.1. Standards For Active Rfid Systems
5.1.2. Benefits Of Standardisation
5.1.3. Types Of Standard
5.1.4. Open And Closed Application Systems
5.1.5. Standards Organisations
5.1.6. Types Of Standard Relating To Item Level Rfid
5.1.7. When Long Range Is A Problem
5.1.8. Summary Of The Essential Standards Issues And Opportunities
5.2. Radio Regulations
5.3. Privacy Issues
5.4. Bluetooth, Wifi, Zigbee, Active Rfid And Nfc Compared And Combined
5.4.1. Bridging The Gap
5.4.2. Bluetooth And Wifi
5.4.3. Zigbee
5.4.4. Conventional Active Rfid
5.4.5. Combinations
5.4.6. Near Field Communications (nfc)
5.4.7. Rfid And Communications Interfaces
5.4.8. A Virtual Connector
5.4.9. Link To Rfid Smart Cards
5.4.10. Nfc Forum
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

8. 5.4.11. Standardization Of Nfc
6. Real Time Locating Systems (rtls) And Wireless Sensor Networks (wsn)
6.1. Triangulation, Radio Fingerprinting And Multilateration
6.2. Gps
6.3. Wifi Rtls From Aeroscout
6.4. Supplier Case Study: Ekahau Usa
6.5. Another Form Of Rtls
6.6. Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (nfer)
6.7. Ultra Wide Band
6.8. Shakeout In Real Time Locating Systems
6.9. Third Generation Active Rfid Is Wsn
6.9.1. Managing Chaos And Imperfection
6.9.2. The Whole Is Much Greater Than The Parts
6.9.3. Achilles Heel - Power
6.9.4. View From Ucla
6.9.5. View Of Institute Of Electronics, Information And Communication Engineers
6.9.6. View Of The International Telecommunications Union
6.9.7. View Of The Kelvin Institute
6.9.8. Contrast With Other Short Range Radio
6.9.9. A Practical Proposition
6.9.10. Wireless Mesh Network Structure
6.10. Three Waves Of Adoption
6.10.2. Subsuming Earlier Forms Of Active Rfid?
6.11. Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (usn) And Tip
6.12. Defining Features Of The Three Generations
6.13. Wsn Paybacks
6.14. Supply Chain Of The Future
7. Markets
7.1. Price Sensitivity
7.2. Many Bridges To Cross
7.3. Forecasts For Tags 2011-2021
7.4. Rfid Enabled Cellphones
7.5. Forecast For Total Systems Plus Tags
7.6. Active Rfid Suppliers
7.7. Forecast For Systems Excluding Tags 2011-2021
7.8. Forecast Of Systems Including Tags 2011-2021
7.9. Total Rfid Market
7.10. Wsn History And Forecasts
7.11. Number Of Suppliers 2011-2021
Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

9. appendix 1: Glossary
appendix 2: Achieving Efficient Global Logistics Execution
appendix 3: Idtechex Research And Consultancy
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Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021