Vol 1. Major Construction Equipment . Pictorial

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT VOL-I

INDEX
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

TITLE
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
ROAD MAKING EQUIPMENT
HAULING EQUIPMENT
PILING, DIAPHRAGM WALL AND MARINE WORKS
FLOATING EQUIPMENT FOR MARINE WORK
CONCRETING EQUIPMENT
WELDING EQUIPMENT

PAGE NO
2
5
8
11
25
36
43

Page 1

Divyanshu Dayal, E-mail: dayal1005@gmail.com. www.2purchase.wordpress.com.

I.

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
a. DOZER
A dozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor/ tyre based) equipped with a substantial metal
plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material
during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

In Action

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b. WHEEL LOADER
A loader (bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader, pay-loader, scoop, shovel, skip loader, or
wheel loader) is a heavy equipment machine used in construction and sidewalk maintenance to
move aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw
minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, woodchips, etc. into or onto another type of machinery
(such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

In Action

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c. HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a
rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or
wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. All
movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic
fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors

In Action

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II.

ROAD MAKING EQUIPMENT
a. ROAD ROLLER/ VIBRATOR COMPACTOR
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering
vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and
foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

In Action

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b. ROAD PAVER
A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is a piece of construction equipment
used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat and
providing minor compaction before it is rolled by a roller.

In Action

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c. ASPHALT CONCRETE PLANT
A batch plant usually has feed hoppers where a front-end loader will deposit the raw materials
such as gravel and sand. The material is elevated into a mixing chamber high up in the plant where
the binder agent is added from a large silo. Usually only a specified quantity is mixed at any time
therefore the term batch is used. Once the mix is ready it is deposited into a truck.

In Action

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III.

HAULING EQUIPMENT
a. HAUL TRUCK (Dump Truck or Tipper)
Haul trucks are off-highway, two-axle, rigid dump trucks specifically engineered for use in high production
mining and heavy duty construction environments.
Large quarry-sized trucks range from 40 to 100 tons. A good example of this is the Caterpillar 775 (rated at
70 short tons (64 t)). However, Quarry operations are typically smaller than, say, a gold/copper mine, and
require smaller trucks.

In Action

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b.

TRACTOR TRAILER

Road tractor drives and are attached to trailer without a front axle. A large proportion of trailer’s
weight is supported by a road tractor, a detachable front axle assembly is known as a dolly, or the
tail of another trailer.

In Action

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c. TIPPER (Dump Truck or Hauling Truck)
A Tipper/ dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for
construction. A typical tipper/ dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at
the rear, the front of which can be lifted to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the
truck at the site of delivery. In the UK and Australia the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or
tip truck (AU).

In Action

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IV.

PILING, DIAPHRAGM WALL AND MARINE WORKS
a. Piling Rigs
Piling rig can be used on piling construction in dry (short screw), wet soil (rotary bucket) and rock
(core drill) by equipping with drilling tool, and can be equipped with long screw drill, diaphragm wall
grab, vibratory hammer, etc., to realize many functions. It is mainly used in foundation engineering
of municipal construction, expressway, bridge, industrial and civil buildings, water conservancy
project, Slope protection, etc.
Its rated power of engine is around 108–450 kW, output torque 60–400 kNm, maximum pile
diameter 1.5–4 m, maximum pile depth 60–90 m.
It generally applies hydraulic crawler chassis, automatic lift box-type mast, telescopic drill pipe, auto
vertical adjustor, depth indicator, etc. Its operation applies hydraulic pilot control, load sensor, thus
it is easy and comfortable to control. Main and auxiliary hoisting can meet different requirements in
construction sites.
Piling rigs categories
1. Small-sized: Torque is around 60–100 kNm, engine power 108 kW, drilling diameter 0.5–1.2m,
drilling depth 40m, total quality 40t.
2. Mid-sized: Torque is around 120–180 kNm, engine power 125–200 kW, drilling diameter 0.8–
1.8m, drilling depth 60m, total quality 42–65t.
3. Large-sized: Torque is around 240 kNm, engine power 300 kW, drilling diameter 1–2.5m, drilling
depth 80m, total quality 100t.

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In Action

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b. Rotary, Piling Rigs/ Crane Mounted Rotary Piling Rigs





Offer a larger range of pile diameters and depths than any other piling equipment.
Permit pile construction through particularly stiff or hard strata.
Offer concrete placement to below commencing surface level.
Can permit inspection of the pile during construction.

Crane mounted rigs reach far in front of the rig and are most suited to sites where short casings
can be used and speed is a primary driver. Modern hydraulic rigs are powerful enough to screw in
longer lengths of pile casings and rely less on vibratory hammers. With these techniques, as well
as any natural soil conditions, it can overcome many manmade obstructions that would otherwise
have to be removed prior to piling.

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In Action

Page 14


c. Piling Winch with Accessories
Winch as pile driver is a mechanical device for hauling or lifting and consisting essentially of a
movable drum around which a cable is wound so that rotation of the drum produces a drawing
force at end of the cable. Winches are normally equipped with a ratchet wheel and a pawl to
prevent slippage of the load, and brakes that allow a load to be lowered or released at a controlled
rate.

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d. Pile Hammer
Modern diesel pile hammer is a very large two-stroke diesel engine. The weight is the piston, and
the apparatus which connects to the top of the pile is the cylinder. Pile driving is started by having
the weight raised by auxiliary means — usually a cable from the crane holding the pile driver —
which draws air into the cylinder. Diesel fuel is added/injected into the cylinder. The weight is
dropped, using a quick-release. The weight of the piston compresses the air/fuel mixture, heating it
to the ignition point of diesel fuel. The mixture ignites, transferring the energy of the falling weight
to the pile head, and driving the weight back up. The rising weight draws in fresh air, and the cycle
starts over until the fuel runs out or is stopped by the pile crew.

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Page 17


e. Boring Tools and Accessories for Piles of Different Diameters
E.g Auger drilling is done with a helical screw which is driven into the ground with rotation. Hollow
stem Auger drilling is used for environmental drilling, geotechnical drilling, soil engineering and
geochemistry reconnaissance work in exploration for mineral deposits.

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f.

High Pressure Mud Pump

A mud pump is a reciprocating piston/plunger device designed to circulate drilling fluid under high
pressure (up to 7,500 psi (52,000 kPa) down the drill string and back up the annulus. Mud pump is a
large reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud (drilling fluid) on a drilling rig.

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g.

Vibratory Hammer

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In Action

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h. Bentonite Mixing and Generating Unit
One of the aspects of piling is the use of bentonite during piling. This allows deeper and larger piles
to be installed. Bentonite is a mud-slurry used to support the pile bore during construction. The
bentonite is injected into the bore to displace soil as it is drilled out and is later removed from the
bore as concrete is introduced.
Important aspects of the bentonite system include the development of purpose built mixing,
storage and “desanding” plants to supply and later clean the bentonite for reuse.

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i. Tripod Type Bored Piling Rig

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j. Truck Mounted Direct Mud Circulation Type Bored Piling Rig

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V.

FLOATING EQUIPMENT FOR MARINE WORK
a. Jack Up Platforms
A jack up rig/ Platform or a self-elevating unit is a type of mobile platform that consists of a
buoyant hull fitted with a number of movable legs, capable of raising its hull over the surface of sea.
The buoyant hull enables transportation of the unit and all attached machinery to a desired location.
Once on location the hull is raised to the required elevation above the sea surface on its legs
supported by the sea bed. The legs of such units may be designed to penetrate the sea bed, may
be fitted with enlarged sections or footings, or may be attached to a bottom mat. Generally Jack up
rigs are not self propelled and rely on tugs or heavy lift ships for transportation
Jack up platforms are used as exploratory drilling platforms and offshore and wind farm service
platforms. Jack up platforms have been the most popular and numerous of various mobile types in
existence.

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b. Cutter Suction Dredger
A cutter-suction dredger's (CSD) suction tube has a cutting mechanism at the suction inlet. The
cutting mechanism loosens the bed material and transports it to the suction mouth. The dredged
material is usually sucked up by a wear-resistant centrifugal pump and discharged either through a
pipe line or to a barge. Cutter-suction dredgers are most often used in geological areas consisting
of hard surface materials (for example gravel deposits or surface bedrock) where a standard
suction dredger would be ineffective. In recent years, dredgers with more powerful cutters have
been built in order to excavate harder rock without the need for blasting.

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In Action

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c. Grab Dredger
Grab Dredger can be considered as a motorized crane equipped with clamshell (grabber) that is
used to scoop material from the bottom of a body of water. The crane could be located on the
bank, or mounted on a barge. If the crane is mounted on a barge, the entire vessel is referred to
as a dredger.

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d. Submersible Barge
A versatile equipment that can be applied to fixed and floating structures. It is not significantly
affected by topsides weight, weather sensitive marine operations and reduces total marine spread
requirements.

e. Hydro Clam Barge

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f. Multipurpose Hopper Barge
A hopper barge is a kind of non-mechanical ship or vessel that cannot move around by itself, unlike
some other types of barges. Designed to carry materials, like rocks, sand, soil and rubbish, for
dumping into the ocean, a river or lake for land reclamation.
Hopper barges are seen in two distinctive types; raked hopper or box hopper barges. The raked
hopper barges move faster than the box hoppers; they are both designed for movement of dry
bulky commodities.
Split barges serve the same purpose, but instead of a door in the hull's bottom, the hull of the
whole barge splits longitudinally between the end bulkheads. The vessel consists of two major parts
(port and starboard halves), both are mostly symmetrical in design. Both parts of the vessel are
hinged at the deck and operated by hydraulic cylinders.

Split Barges

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g. Drilling and Blasting Pontoon
Drill rigs are installed on pontoon for the purpose of drilling and blasting. Hard rock beds that would
seem to be beyond the capacity of "normal" dredgers, such as cutter suction dredgers and dippers,
can be pulverized with explosives. Holes are drilled in the rocky bottom with top hammers and airdriven down the hole hammers. After the holes are drilled, the holes will be loaded with explosives
and blasted.

h. Crane Barge
A crane vessel, floating crane is a barge with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads. The largest
crane vessels are used for offshore construction.

Page 32


i. Tug
A tugboat (tug) is a boat that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs move vessels that
either should not move themselves, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal, or those
that cannot move by themselves, such as barges, disabled ships, log rafts, or oil platforms. Tugboats
are powerful for their size and strongly built, and some are ocean-going. Some tugboats serve
as icebreakers or salvage boats. Early tugboats had steam engines, but today most have diesel
engines. Many tugboats have firefighting monitors, allowing them to assist in firefighting, especially
in harbors.

In Action

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j. Hatch Barge/ Deck Barge
Hatch Barge or Deck Barges are designed to carry cargo on deck and differ in size and structural
design, depending on their intended use. Deck cargos include pipe, piling, fabricated structures,
equipment, rock, palletized material or even horses, cattles and rocket boosters. In some instances,
certain liquid cargos may be carried in the interior watertight compartments. Deck barges are also
used as work platforms for workers and machinery, thereby serving as an extension of land. Some
of these barges may have raised rake decks.

In Action

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k.

Dock Barge With Cement Batching Plant

l. Lift and Assembling Barge

Page 35


VI. CONCRETING EQUIPMENT
a. Batching Plants
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that combines various ingredients to
form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.), fly
ash, potash, and cement. There are two types of concrete plants: ready mix plants and central
mix plants. A concrete plant can have a variety of parts and accessories, including but not limited
to: mixers (either tilt-up or horizontal or in some cases both), cement batchers, aggregate
batchers, conveyors, radial stackers, aggregate bins, cement bins, heaters, chillers, cement silos,
batch plant controls, and dust collectors (to minimize environmental pollution).

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b. Mixer in Batching Plant
The center of the concrete batching plant is the mixer. There are three types of mixer: Tilt, pan,
and twin shaft mixer. The twin shaft mixer can ensure an even mixture of concrete and large
output, while the tilt mixer offers a consistent mix with much less maintenance labor and cost.
Successful concrete products companies build their businesses around high performance mixers.

Portable Concrete Mixture Batching Plant

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c. Concrete Pump
A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two
types of concrete pumps.
1. Trailer Mounted Boom Concrete Pump: The concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known
as a trailer-mounted boom concrete
pump because it uses a remotecontrolled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete with pinpoint accuracy.
Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of
pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing boom.
They are a revolutionary alternative to truck-mounted concrete pumps.

In action

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2. Truck Mounted or Trailer Mounted Concrete Pump used in Transit Mixer): The concrete pump
is either mounted on a truck and known as a truck-mounted concrete pump or placed on
a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This
pump requires steel or flexible concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of
the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be
placed. Line pumps normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used
for smaller volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single
family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.

In action

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d. Transit Mixer
A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete
mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete
mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers
ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete or
cement by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently
begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.

Portable Concrete Mixer

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e. Concrete Dumpers

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f. Concrete Placers

Manual
Concrete Placer side discharge conveyor is ideal for placing concrete ahead of a paver at various depths.
The conveyor places all types of concrete and free-flowing materials transversely across any formed slab.
The Concrete Placer is completely operator controlled from feeder to placement to machine travel. There
is no need for trailers or extra attachments to move the Concrete Placer into place or around the job site.
The Concrete Placer is built to handle the toughest concrete placing jobs.

Machine

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VII. WELDING EQUIPMENT
a. Welding Machine
The basic arc welder components consist of the machine that generates the power, the electrode
holder or wire feed gun, Consumables, means of shielding the weld as it forms, and protective
equipment for the user.

1. Components of Welding Machine
i. The Power Source
Power sources vary with the type of welding being performed. A machine may be either DC or AC,
constant current or constant voltage. Selection is made by the amount and the type of current
required, the power available and economic factors. Heat and speed can be adjusted by varying the
voltage and current generated. This is necessary since a slower speed is required for thicker metals.
Speed on a wire feed type is controlled by the rate at which the wire is fed.

ii. Electrode Holder/ Wire feed Gun and Consumables
Typically a machine will have either an electrode holder/ a wire feed gun. The type of welding done
with the electrode holder is commonly referred to as “stick welding”.

Electrode Holder/ Wire Feed Gun

A welding rod coated with flux is used for this method (Flux is simply a coating on the rod that emits
gases to protect the weld as it forms). The proper term for this type is shielded metal arc welding
(SMAW). The wire feed type is often referred to as “MIG welding”, MIG meaning Metal Inert Gas.
Page 43


Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) uses a wire that has a core of flux, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
uses a shielding gas that is emitted from the wirefeed gun.

Welding Electrodes and Wire (Filler Material)

iii. Means of shielding the weld as it forms
Shielding of the weld as it forms is very important. The level of impurities directly affects the
strength of the weld. The molten metal is susceptible to impurities such as oxygen and carbon
deposits. A shield of gas covers the weld as it forms, protecting it from the air.
Shielding can be accomplished by either a coating on the wire or welding rod (known as flux), or a
gas. Gasses are released from the flux as it melts with the filler metal, producing a shield. Flux
produces slag which must be chipped off after the weld is completed. There is no slag when
shielding gas such as argon is used. The gas is fed along with the wire through the gun. While this
method forms a cleaner weld, it may not always be convenient since gas cylinders are required.

There are many types of welding rods and wire compositions. Fluxes and gases vary as the type of
metal to be joined will vary. Typically the weld will always be stronger than the metal it joins.

Page 44



iv. Protective Equipment for Welding

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v. The Welding Machine Setup

2. Arc Welding
Also known as Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) or Stick Welding uses a welding power supply
to create an electric arc between an electrode and base metal to melt the metals at welding point.
They can use either Direct Current (DC) or Alternating Current (AC) current, consumable or non
Page 46


consumable electrodes. The electrode is made of material that is compatible with the base material
being welded and is covered with flux that protects the weld area from oxidation and
contamination by producing CO2 gas during the welding process.
There are mainly two types of arc welding namely AC welder and DC welder. Arc welding machine is
used to weld ferrous metals, cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper and other metals which are non
ferrous.

Process of Arc Welding

Arc Welding

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3. MIG Welding
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), sometimes referred to by its subtypes metal inert gas (MIG)
welding or metal active gas (MAG) welding, is a semi-automatic or automatic arc welding process in
which a continuous and consumable wire electrode and a shielding gas are fed through a welding
gun(mig torch).Also known as a CO2 welder. A constant voltage, direct current power source is
most commonly used with GMAW, but constant current systems, as well as alternating current, can
be used. The most common gases used are carbon dioxide for general purpose welding. It is the
cheapest of the welding gases, and creates a good weld.

4. Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
It is also possible to use a MIG welder without shielding gas. This process is called flux core arc
Welding (FCAW). In this welding process the welding wire has a hollow core that is filled with flux.
Flux cored arc welding can be done outside, because there is no need to worry about the shielding
gas being blown away. The flux core wire has a hotter arc and therefore is used to weld thicker
pieces of metal.

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5. TIG Welding
Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is a welding process that works with the help of a tungsten
electrode. TIG stands for Tungsten Inert Gas and is technically called Gas Tungsten Arc Welding or
GTAW. The process uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode that delivers the current to the
welding arc. A shielding gas, such as Argon gas is used to protect the weld area from atmospheric
contamination. A filler metal is normally used. TIG welding is most commonly used to weld thin
sections of stainless steel and nonferrous metals such as aluminium, magnesium, and copper
alloys. The process grants the operator greater control over the weld than when comparing it to
procedures such as Mig and Gas welding. There are two types of TIG welders, such as a DC (direct
current), which are generally used for the welding of ferrous types of metals and the other being
the AC/DC (alternating current, direct current) which can weld most types of metals, such as nonferrous and ferrous.

6. Spot Welding
Spot welding is a process in which contacting metal surfaces are joined by the heat obtained from resistance
to electric current flow. Work pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes. The process
uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small “spot” and to
simultaneously clamp the sheets together. Forcing a large current through the spot will melt the metal and
form the weld. Spot welding is typically used for the welding of thin sheets of metal together, within a range
from 0.5 to 3 mm (0.020 to 0.12 inch).

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Welding In Action

Page 50


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