United Nations Millennium Development Goals: the story so far

Millennium Development Goals
&
The India Connect: Madhya Pradesh
By
Dr Anoop Swarup

BACKGROUND

 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were officially
established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the
United Nations Millennium Declaration.

 All 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve
these goals by the year 2015.

It concerns all of us :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3p2VLTowAA

Talk at CII by Dr. Anoop Swarup : 23 Jan 2013

IDEA

 The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the
world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets, and were
officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders in attendance
adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration

 The MDGs originated from the Millennium Declaration produced by the United Nations. The
Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of
living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity.

 The MDGs were made to operationalize these ideas by setting targets and indicators for poverty
reduction in order to achieve the rights set forth in the Declaration on a set fifteen-year timeline.


ORIGINS & FUNDS

 The Millennium Summit Declaration came about from not just the UN but also the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank, and the
International Monetary Fund. The setting came about through a series of UN‑ led conferences in the 1990s
focusing on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights, women and others. The OECD criticized
major donors for reducing their levels of Official Development Assistance (ODA).

 With the onset of the UN's 50th anniversary, then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan saw the need to
address the range of development issues. This led to his report titled, We the Peoples: The Role of the
United Nations in the 21st Century which led to the Millennium Declaration. By this time, the OECD had
already formed its International Development Goals (IDGs) and it was combined with the UN's efforts in
the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.

 The MDG focus on three major areas: of valorizing human capital, improving infrastructure, and
increasing social, economic and political rights, with the majority of the focus going towards increasing
basic standards of living.


OBJECTIVES

 The objectives chosen within the human capital focus include improving nutrition, healthcare (including
reducing levels of child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and increasing
reproductive health), and education.
 For infrastructure, the objectives include improving infrastructure through increasing access to safe
drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; amplifying farm outputs
through sustainable practices; improving transportation infrastructure; and preserving the environment.
 For the social, economic and political rights focus, the objectives include empowering women, reducing
violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services, and increasing security of
property rights. The goals chosen were intended to increase an individual’s human capabilities and
"advance the means to a productive life“. The MDGs emphasize that individual policies needed to achieve
these goals should be tailored to individual country’s needs; therefore most policy suggestions are
general.
 The MDGs also emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in
Goal Eight. Goal Eight sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership
for development" by supporting fair trade, debt relief for developing nations, increasing aid and access to
affordable essential medicines, and encouraging technology transfer.

GOALS

The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration, signed in
September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable indicators for
each target.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
A short video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuvl9vOZedE
 Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
 Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)
 Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

 Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
 GDP Growth per Employed Person
 Employment Rate
 Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)
 Proportion of family-based workers in employed population

 Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption


Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Estimates suggest the MDG target to halve the
proportion of people living in "extreme
poverty" was met in 2010, five years ahead of
the 2015 deadline. Although poverty has fallen
in every region since 1990, however, it is
populous countries such as China and India
that are driving the global picture of progress.

Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/oct/31/millennium-development-goals-key-datasets


Goal 1 Poverty India State Wise Ratios

Source : Millennium Development Goals , States of India Report 2010 ( Special Edition)
Central Statistics Office , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , Government of India

Goal 1 Poverty MP State

Source : An analysis of questions raised in the Madhya Pradesh Assembly on issues related to MDGs
Madhya Pradesh Proceedings Analysis – 2009.pdf


GOALS

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

• Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
• Enrollment in primary education
• Completion of primary education
• everyone will get into school

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

• Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all
levels by 2015
• Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
• Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
• Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
• For girls in some regions, education remains elusive
• Poverty is a major barrier to education, especially among older girls
• In every developing region except the CIS, men outnumber women in paid employment
• Women are largely relegated to more vulnerable forms of employment
• Women are over-represented in informal employment, with its lack of benefits and security
• Top-level jobs still go to men — to an overwhelming degree
• Women are slowly rising to political power, but mainly when boosted by quotas and other special
measures

Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education

Recently education for all global
monitoring report said the MDG target to
ensure all children complete a full course
of primary school by 2015
is likely to be missed by a wide margin. The
number of out-of-school children has
fallen to about 60 million, from 108
million in 1990, yet progress has slowed
since 2004.

Source : http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-
matters/2012/oct/31/millennium-development-goals-key-datasets


Goal 2 Universal Primary Education India State Wise Ratios


Goal 2 Universal Primary Education MP State



Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women

 Eliminating gender disparity in schools is the only official
target for this sweeping MDG. This year, the UN said
girls had reached parity with boys in primary school enrolment
.

 The gender equality goal also measures the share of women in
paid employment in the non-agricultural sector and the
proportion of seats held by women in national parliament, but
these are indicators to be tracked rather than specific, time-
bound targets to be met.


Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women MP State



GOALS

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates

• Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
• Under-five mortality rate
• Infant (under 1) mortality rate
• Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

• Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
• Maternal mortality ratio
• Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

• Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
• Contraceptive prevalence rate
• Adolescent birth rate
• Antenatal care coverage
• Unmet need for family planning


Goal 4 Reduce child mortality

• More children are living to their fifth birthday than ever before, but
the world is still set to miss the MDG target to reduce the child mortality
rate by two-thirds. The latest UN figures suggest child deaths fell by
nearly half between 1990 and 2011, from 12 million to 6.9 million.
UN officials say both rich and poor countries have the means to tackle
child mortality, as many under-five deaths are attributed to largely
preventable causes. But, if anything, the past 20 years show sub-Saharan
Africa and south Asia moving further apart from the rest of the world in
terms of progress. In 2011, 82% of all under-five deaths occurred in
these two regions.


Goal 4 Child Mortality : India State Wise Ratios


Goal 4 Child Mortality : MP State



Goal 5 Improve maternal health

Source : http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/oct/31/millennium-development-goals-key-datasets

The World Health Organization says the world has experienced a "significant reduction" in the number of
maternal deaths over the past 20 years – from 543,000 in 1990 to 287,000 in 2010. However, current trends
will not meet the MDG target, which aims for a three-quarters reduction in maternal mortality by 2015.

This goal also tracks access to reproductive health, the prevalence of contraception and the "unmet need for
family planning". These issues have long been among global development's most contentious and politically
charged, though there are signs that family planning is rising up the agenda amid concerns about population
growth.

Goal 5 Maternal Mortality: India State Wise Ratios


Goal 5 Maternal Mortality: MP State



GOALS

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
• HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
• Condom use at last high-risk sex
• Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS

• Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
• Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs

• Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
• Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
• Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets
• Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
• Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
• Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short
Course)


Goal 6 Combat HIV/Aids, malaria etc..

 Globally, new HIV infections were 21% lower in 2010 than at their peak in
1997, and 15% lower than in 2001. But progress on tackling HIV and Aids
varies significantly by region with, for example, new infections continuing
to grow in the Caucasus and central Asia. More people are living with HIV,
and the UN estimates a total of 2.5 million deaths have been averted in
developing countries since 1995 because of anti-retroviral drugs.
 However, progress has fallen short of the ambitious targets of having
halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV and Aids by 2015, and
achieving universal access to treatment by 2010.
 All regions appear to be on track to meet the MDG target to halt and begin
to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases such as
tuberculosis. However, concerns remain about challenges such as
multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, and the global conversation is shifting
to pay more attention to "non-communicable" diseases such as diabetes
and cancer.



Goal 6 Combat HIV/Aids, malaria etc.. : MP State



GOALS

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

• Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
• Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
•Proportion of land area covered by forest

•CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)

•Consumption of ozone-depleting substances

•Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

•Proportion of total water resources used

•Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

•Proportion of species threatened with extinction

• Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
•Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and

rural
•Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation

• Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
slum-dwellers
Proportion of urban population living in slums


Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability

• In March, the UN announced that the
MDG target to halve the proportion of
people without access to safe drinking
water had been met in 2010, five years
ahead of the 2015 deadline. However,
some have contested whether the
indicator – which tracks use of improved
water sources such as piped supplies or
protected wells – is an appropriate proxy
for "safe water". Others point out that
the
MDG target to improve basic sanitation,
such as access to latrines and hygienic
waste collection, will not be met by 2015.



Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability : MP State



GOALS

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

• Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and
internationally
• Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development Assistance) for
countries committed to poverty reduction
• Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the
outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
• Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and
international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
• Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
developing countries
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
• Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population
Internet users per 100 Population Talk at CII by Dr. Anoop Swarup : 23 Jan 2013

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development

A UN taskforce recently said they found
it difficult to identify areas of significant progress
on MDG eight, which focuses on what rich
countries can and should do. They pointed to
the recent fall in official development assistance:
official aid from rich, OECD countries fell almost
3% to $133.5bn (about £81bn) last year, or around
0.31% of their aggregate gross national income.

OECD aid flows, Percent change 2010 to2011 in real terms


MDG India Factsheet

Source: Millennium Development
Goals India Country Report 2011
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/uploa
d/MDG_2010_01jan12.pdf


MDG India Factsheet

Source : Millennium Development
Goals India Country Report 2011
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/uploa
d/MDG_2010_01jan12.pdf


DRAWBACKS

 Drawbacks of the MDGs include the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen
objectives.

 The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and indicators for
equality, which is considered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs due to the
disparities of progress towards poverty reduction between groups within nations.

 The MDGs also lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (excluding women’s
empowerment) [Deneulin & Shahani 2009].

 The MDGs also lack an emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable.

 While the MDGs are a tool for tracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a
very basic policy road map to achieving these goals, they do not capture all elements needed to
achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.


PROGRESS

 Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven.

 Some countries, such as Brazil, have achieved many of the goals, while others, such as Benin, are
not on track to realize any.

 The major countries that have been achieving their goals include China (whose poverty
population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal and
external factors of population and economic development.

 The World Bank estimated that MDG 1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $1 a
day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.


CHALLENGES

’’World military spending has now risen to over $1.2 trillion. This incredible sum represents 2.5 per cent of
GDP(global gross domestic product). Even if 1 per cent of it were redirected towards development, the world
would be much closer to achieving the Millennium Development Goals’’.
-- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
 Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over recent
years, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries.

 As well, remaining aid money goes towards disaster relief and military aid which does not further
the country into development.

 According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least
developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries,
raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but
rather from rich to their closest allies.

 Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billions of dollars directly
from the wealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic or corrupt governments in
developing countries.


CONTROVERSIES

 Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI

 Over the past 35 years, the members of the UN have repeatedly made a "commit[ment] 0.7% of rich-
countries' gross national income (GNI) to Official Development Assistance".

 The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.

 The text of the commitment was:

 Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance
to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7
percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.

 However, there has been disagreement from the United States as well as other nations over the
Monterrey Consensus that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete
efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNP) as ODA to developing
countries"


POST 2015 AGENDA

 At the September 2010 MDG Summit, UN Member States initiated steps towards advancing the
development agenda beyond 2015 and are now leading a process of open, inclusive consultations on
the post-2015 agenda. Civil society organizations from all over the world have also begun to engage
in the post-2015 process, while academia and other research institutions, including think tanks, are
particularly active.

 The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction started a process of consultations
as the disaster risk reduction community heads toward the end date of the current blueprint for
global disaster risk reduction, the Hyogo Framework of Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience
of Nations and Communities to Disasters.

 On 31 July 2012, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed 26 civil society, private sector, and
government leaders from all regions to a high-level panel to advise on the global development
agenda beyond 2015


THANKS

“My colleagues and I took a stand in our work several years ago that we would not look for the
magic bullet, because there is none. These are just basic problems requiring basic work. Nothing
magic about it.“ -- Jeffrey Sachs

A short video that touched me http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc2L2DkIK-w


Questions ?

The first question looks at the changing global context.
• Has the world changed since the Millennium Declaration was drafted in 2000? What challenges remain? What challenges are new?

• Why are the Millennium Development Goals still not reached? What factors have impeded progress?

• What has been done globally to finance implementation of the Millennium Development Goals?

This set of questions looks at the national context.
• What are the global trends and uncertainties that will affect India in the decades ahead?

• What has been done to reduce poverty, inequality and marginalization in your community in the past decade? What more
needs to be done in India as a whole? In your community?


Questions ?

This set of questions looks at development in India.
• What kind of national development do you want to see in the next decade?
• What are the obstacles to development in India?
• What has been the impact of development schemes and missions on marginalized and vulnerable groups?
• Are there groups that have missed out and haven’t gotten their fair share of development or had trouble accessing anti-
poverty missions and schemes? Why did they miss out and what is being done to ensure they also benefit?
• Do women and girls have specific needs and if so, what are they? How can they be addressed?
• Do the age groups at both ends of the demographic scale—the young and elderly--have specific needs and if so, what are
they? How can they be addressed?
• What needs to be done to increase resilience to crisis and shocks, including natural disasters, in India as a whole? In your
community?
• What steps need to be taken globally to generate economic growth? What steps need to be taken nationally?
• What steps need to be taken globally to generate employment and create jobs? What steps need to be taken nationally?
• Is there a trade-off between reducing poverty and inequality and ensuring sustainable development? If so, how can this
trade-off be managed for the collective good?


Questions ?

This set of questions looks at principles, goals, timelines, targets and accountability for the new post-2015
framework.
• Are there principles from the Millennium Declaration that be used for the post-2015 development framework?
• Of the broad themes in the Millennium Declaration relating to poverty eradication, protecting our common environment,
human rights, democracy and good governance, which should be prioritized in the post-2015 development framework?
• What should be the priority global goals for the post-2015 development framework?
• How can the global goals be designed to reflect priorities in both developed and developing countries?
• How can the goals build on the negotiated outcomes agreed at the Rio +20 Conference on sustainable development?
• How can the new goals address the causes of poverty, inequality and exclusion and not only the consequences?
• What time-line should be set for the post 2015 framework?
• What targets and indicators should be included in the post 2015 framework?
• What innovative and effective examples of accountability mechanisms at the local, national, regional level can be used to
monitor the post-2015 framework? What kind of mechanisms can be used in India to monitor the new post 2015
framework?
• What governance gaps need to be filled before 2015 to ensure that the post-2015 framework is implemented?
• How should the global development partnership be structured to ensure shared responsibility and timely financing for the
post 2015 framework?

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