2.  DEFINITION :-
It isa term which refers to
system for naming organisms..

5. Kingdom (American system has
six:
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, A
rchaea, Bacteria)

11. The microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic
,organisms characterized by the lack of
membrane bound nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
NOMENCLATURE
The diversity of bacterial species by
naming and placing organisms based on
similarities.

12. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
which mean that replicate only inside a
living host cell.
NOMENCLATURE
1. Order (virales)
2. Family (viridae)
3. Sub family (virinae)
4. Genus (virus)
5. Species (tobacco mosaic virus)

13.  Fungi are the plants which not
differenciated into roots ,stem and
leaves.
NOMENCLATURE
According to the five kingdom system
status of fungi has changed from
that of a group of PLANT KINGDOM to a
separate kingdom FUNGI.

14. › Classification of living organisms
into groups
› For better and convenient
understanding and study of
organisms.

16. groups are based on
convenient, observable
characteristics.
e.g Five kingdom system of
classification.

17. 1. Monera
(Prokaryotic)
Microbes
1. Protista,
2. Fungi,
(Eukaryotic)
4. Plantae
5. Animalia (Eukaryotic)

18.  1 cell
 no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic
material scattered and not enclosed by a
membrane). have a cell wall, have no
chloroplasts
 some move (flagellum); others don't
 some make their own food (autotrophic);
others can't make their own food
(heterotrophic)
 examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria
(cyanobacteria)

19.  1 cell
 have a true nucleus – eukaryote
 some move
(cilia, flagella, pseudopodia); others
don't
 some are autotrophic; others are
heterotrophic
 examples -
amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium
, some algae (unicellular), etc

20.  Yeasts, such as brewers’ yeast, and
moulds, such as Penicillium chrysogenum
which produces the antibiotic penicillin,
are classified as microbial fungi.

21. Groups reflect genetic similarity and
evolutionary relatedness

22.  Definition of species.
 Electron microscopy and Archea.
 rRNA sequencing.

23.  It was Carl woose who sugested the
concept of super kingdoms.


24. Three Domains (Super kingdoms) Of Living Organisms involve

26.  Unicellular
 Prokaryote
 Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
 Single loop DNA
 Reproduce through binary fission
 Benificial & harmful
 Occupy any ecological role e.g.
Producers, consumers, decomposers, pre
dator, prey, etc
 Anarobic and Aerobic respiration found

27.  Utilize organic / inorganic chemicals or
photosynthesis to obtain energy
 For example
1. Photoautotrophs
2.Chemoautotrophs
3.Heterotrophs

28. synthesize their
own organic
compounds
using sunlight as
the energy
source

29. need CO2 as
a carbon
source
obtain energy
not from
light, but from
the oxidization
of H2S, HN4, or
Fe+

30. Heterotrophs
obtain their
energy from
organic
compounds
made by the
photo - and
chemoautortro
phs

31.  Prokaryotes
 Lack peptidoglycan
 RNA polymerase and ribosomes are
unique, but more similar to eukaryotes
 They do not cause any known human
diseases
 They do not use light energy
 Most Archaea live in extreme environments
 They include :
a)Methanogens b) Halophiles c)
Thermophiles

32. “anaerobes that
produce large
amounts of
methane gas (CH4)”
Important in the
carbon cycle
often used in sewage
treatment plants

33. "salt-loving"
Archaea
 found in such
extremely saline
locales such as
the Dead Sea and
the Great Salt
Lake
 mostly
heterotrophs, but
can switch to
photosynthesis

34. "heat-loving"
Archaea
found in hot
springs, acidic
soils, near
volcano
vents, etc.
they use H2S to
generate ATP

35.  unicellular eukaryotics microorganisms
 they move by 3 types of locomotion;
pseudopods, flagella and cilia
 they have variety of shapes.
 can reproduce sexually or asexually
 live as free entities or parasites.
 Amoeba, paramecium, Volvox, Euglena
etc
 Plasmodium falciparum that causes
Malaria, Entamoeba histolytica that causes
Amoebiasis , Giardia lamblia that causes
Giardiasis, Trypanosoma brucei causes
African trypanomiasis.

36. Unicellular
eukaryotes
no fixed shape
grow and wrap
forms
pseudopods:bugles
in the cell that help it
move and eat
Reproduce by
binary fission
Found in fresh
water/soil

37. Unicellular
eukaryotes
has a cilia: hair-like
structure that helps
it move and eat
Has small and
large nuclei
Reproduce by
binary fission/
conjugation
Found in
freshwater

38.  Unicellular
eukaryotes
use flagellum to
move
use eyespot to
detect sunlight
contain
chlorophyll
a green pigment
that helps
photosynthesis
Reproduce by
binary fission
Found in fresh
water

39.  Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
 Has cellulose cell wall
 Gain energy through photosynthesis
 Produce molecular oxygen & organic
compounds
 Found in fresh waters, or on the surfaces
of moist soil or rocks
 e.g.
Bluegreenalgae,Chlamydomonas,Diatoms,
Gelidium, etc..

40. Blue-green algae, also known as
Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae are most often
blue-green in color, but can also
be blue, green, reddish-purple
Blue-green algae generally grow
in lakes, ponds, and slow-moving
streams when the water is warm
and enriched with nutrients like
phosphorus or nitrogen.
Many different species of blue-
green algae occur in Wisconsin
waters, but the most commonly
detected include Anabaena
sp., Aphanizomenon

41. Chlamydomonas is a genus of
green alga consisting of
unicellular flagellates.
 it contains ion channels that
are directly activated by light,
such as channelrhodopsin
Most species are obligate
phototrophs but C. reinhardtii
and C. dysosmos are facultative
heterotrophs that can grow in
the dark in the presence of
acetate as a carbon source.
Cell wall is made up of
glycoprotein and non cellulosic
polysaccharides instead of

42.  Eukaryotes
 Chitin cell walls
 Use organic chemicals for energy
 Unicellular / multicellular
 e.g. Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular
 Yeasts are unicellular
 Beneficial / harmful

43. Multicellular
consists of mycelia
(composed of
filaments called
hyphae)
In some
instances, the fungal
mycelium forms a ring
as it explores the soil-
this is sometimes
called a fairy ring

44. unicellular,
Most yeasts
reproduce asexually
by mitosis, and many
do so by an
asymmetric division
process called
budding.
Yeasts are
chemoorganotrophs,
as they use organic
compounds as a

45. Too small to be observed
with light microscope
Consists of DNA/RNA core
Core is surrounded by
protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a
lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only
when they are in living host
cell
Bacteriophage-viruses that
infect bacteria
Viroids-nucleic acid without
protein coating
Prions- Infectious
protenacious particles

46. Helminths:flatworms and roundworms
Multicellular