A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

A feasible challenge…
Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Tom Godefrooij > Washington DC, January 26, 2012

Overview
> Where do we stand
> Upscaling, what does it entail
> The Netherlands: a reference?
> Challenges
> Dutch Cycling Embassy

pagina 2 > 26-01-2012 A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Where do we stand?
Growing interest in cycling but
also ongoing motorisation


Where do we stand?
> Growing recognition importance of cycling
> North-west European experience
> The Netherlands: 27% cycling
> Denmark: 20%
> Germany: 10%
> Increasing number of cities have cycling projects


Bicycle share in European countries
30%

27%

25%

20% 19%

15%

10%
10% 9% 9%
8%
7%
5% 5%
5%

2%

0%
s

nd
k

um
y

en
a

ce
ly

in
nd

ar

an

ri

Ita

i ta
la

ed

an
st

i
m
la

lg
m

er
Au

Br
en

Sw

Fr
Be
r

er
he

i tz

at
D

G

Sw
et

re
N

G
e
th


Promising initiatives worldwide
> Bogotá
> Cape Town
> Santiago de Chile
> Sevilla
> Eskişehir

> Public bicycles schemes


Bogotá
> 350 km cycle routes
> Increase cycling share from 0,5 to 4%
> Improved quality of public space


Cape Town
> Revised Bicycle Master Plan
> Implementation cycling infrastructure in 4 regions
> Most popular routes
> Connected with BRT
> Role of civil society
> Bicyle distribution
> Training
> Education


Santiago de Chile
> Full participation in all segments of society
> Adoption of ‘cycling’ law
> Plan for 690 km cycling routes
> 250 km implemented
> Cycling a presidential priority


Sevilla
> Implemented 120 km cycling network
> Increase modal share from 0,2 to 6,6% in 4 years
> Target 2015: share of 15%


Turkish cities
Sakarya, Antalya & Eskişehir
> Developing pilot projects
> First step towards cycling-inclusive policies


Public Bicycle schemes
> Decades of marginal
projects (Amsterdam 1960's)
> Break through with Velib and
Bicing (Paris and Barcelona)
> Now very fashionable
> But how relevant?


Beijing
> 20.000 public bicycles
> 4,5 million private cars

…just to contemplate!


…but can contribute
> Opportunity to find out usefulness
> Filling the gap between pioneers and mainstream


We aren’t there yet!
> In most cities bicycle use still low
> Many cities didn’t even start!
> Bicycle use in Asian countries threatened by
ongoing motorisation


After having made the first step
Upscaling the role of cycling:
what does it entail?


Conditions for up scaling
> Gone through a pioneer stage
> Early adapters should be there
> It is time for the majority…

Up scaling = mainstreaming


Up scaling
> From isolated projects to an integrated and
comprehensive approach
> Acceptance by all segments of society
> Resulting in substantial share of cycling


At which level are we looking?
> At a city level
> Successful pilots?
> Enough bicycle use for next stage?
> At a regional / global level
> Enough cities to make more cities follow suit?


What are the challenges??
> Avoid, shift, improve
> Utilising the full potential of cycling
> Substantial share of cycling (10 – 20%)
> Most trips are short!!
> Dutch (and Danish) cities as reference?
> Fully integrated in urban & transport planning


Transport planning
> To meet transport needs
> Accommodating social participation
> Individuals & society
> Maximising contribution of transport
to social & economic well being
> Minimising adverse effects
> Road safety
> Liveability
> Environment
> Climate
> …

Travel
market Transport
(trips) market
(transport Traffic
• Activity patterns market
• Spatial
systems)
distribution • Availability
(flows)
• Routes
• Spread in time • Effectiveness
• Speeds
• … • Efficiency
• Manoeuvres
• Status
• Congestion
• Costs
• Safety
• …
• …

Role of various modes
> Analysis of strengths and weaknesses
> Assess appropriateness modes /
transport systems for types of trips
> i.e. utilise strengths
> Provide alternatives for problematic use
> Not fit for the trip
> Too many adverse effects for society


Tactical goals
> Goals on travel market
> Minimise need for (long distance) travelling
> Goals on transport market
> Optimal mode choice
> Short trips: Cycling and Walking
> Longer trips: Public transport
> Goals on traffic market
> Adequate road design to accommodate cycling


Most trips are short
> UK:
> 1/3 all trips < 1 mile
> Average trip length = 7 mile
> Average car trip length = 8,5 mile
> USA:
> ¼ all trips < 1 mile
> Almost ½ < 3 mile
> India
> 56-72% urban trips < 5 km
> Delhi: 45% car trips and 38% PT < 5 km


Looking for the optimal mix


Looking at the competitive position

Make
other
Make modes
preferred less
modes attractive
more
attractive


Which arguments to use?

Distinguish between

> Society
> Policy makers / politicians

> Individuals


Politicians & policy makers
Societal goals
> Road safety
> Health
> Air quality
> Climate change mitigation
> Equity
>…


Individuals
> …don't cycle for the environment!!
> Practical, efficient and convenient (and fun!)
> Health and fitness
> (Cheap)

> Safety perception
> Status perception
> Might both be an obstacle


What it takes…
Many good reasons for promoting cycling…
> Environment
> Health
> Equity

… but ultimately people only will do so if it is
> Safe
> Practical
> Convenient


The Netherlands
A reference for upscaling?


Dutch context
> Traditional high levels of cycling
> Decrease of cycling 1950 – 1975
> Revaluation of cycling from 1970’s on
> National transport strategy 1989
> Equilibrium accessibility, safety and liveability
> Bicycle Master Plan
> Cycling inclusive planning
> Integral part of local and regional transport planning
> (Re-confirmed in National transport strategy 2006)

Cycling in European cities in the 20th century

Mobility in the Netherlands
Netherlands, high car density/km2
On average 3.2 trips per day:

> 1 trip car driver
> 0.8 trip bicycle
> 0.6 trip walking
> 0.5 trip car passenger
> 0.2 trip public transport
> 0.1 trip other

In Top-5 most road-safe countries

Mobility in The Netherlands

50
45
40
35
30
25 Netherlands
20 Delft
15 Amsterdam
10
5
0
Car Public Bicycle Walking
Transport

46 26-01-2012 A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Modal split development in Amsterdam


Modal split trips according to distance
(km’s) < 7,5 7,5-15 > 15 overall
Car driver 35% 74% 79% 48%
Driver 23% 50% 54% 32%
Passenger 12% 24% 25% 16%
Public Transport 2% 7% 14% 5%
Train 0% 1% 9% 2%
Bus/tram/metro 2% 6% 5% 3%
Bicycle 35% 15% 3% 27%
Walking 26% 0% 0% 18%
Other 2% 3% 4% 2%
Share distance 70% 12% 18%

Mode choice bicycle / car (< 7,5 km)
Never Sometimes Never
car car, bicycle
sometimes
bicycle
Shopping 12% 59% 30%
Transporting 6% 70% 24%
children
Sports & visits 28% 41% 30%
Going out 12% 48% 39%
Commuting 29% 40% 31%

Faqs and figures > Netherlands
Modal split according to distances

Source: RWS/AVV 2005 /MON 2005


Safety and bicycle use
1975 - now:
1800 Development in time
- Suburbanisation
- Car use 50
1600
+ Transport policy
+ Clean & Healthy
1400
40

Cycle fatalities per billion bicycle km
1200
Bicycle km pppy

1000 30

800

20
600
1950 –1975:

•400 - Suburbanisation
- Car use 10
- Transport policy
•200
- Old fashioned

•0 0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Bicycle use
pagina 51 > 26-01-2012 A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport Bicycle fatalities

Safety: fatalities and risk
600 60

500 50

Number of fatalities/billion km
Number of fatalities

400 40

Number of cycle fatalities

300 30
Number of fatalaties/billion
km

200 20

100 10

0 0
50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

00

05
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20


Safety by numbers


Faqs and figures > Netherlands
Number of cycles per inhabitant
1,2
1,11

1
More cycles then people
0,83
0,8 0,77

0,67
0,63
0,6 Number of cycles per inhabitant
0,50
0,45
0,40 0,40
0,4
0,34

0,2 0,18

0


Corner stones of Dutch cycling policies
> Cycling: full fledged mode of transport
> Looking for the 'optimal mix'
> Utilising strengths of each mode of transport
> Providing alternatives for 'problematic use‘
> Public spending
> Continued investments in cycling
> Roughly € 30 per inhabitant per year
> Quality is not for free!!


The Dutch


Wide variety of accessories


Challenges for upscaling
Making cycling
safe, practical, convenient


So the challenge is…
…to make cycling
> Safe
> Practical
> Convenient

> The preferred mode for short trips


Essential condition
Basic safety
> High volumes and high speeds motor traffic
incompatible with safe cycling
> Segregated facilities at all arterials > 50km/h
> Traffic calming at other roads
> Well designed intersections


Other conditions for upscaling
> Cycling preferred mode for short distances
> Competitive position (two knobs to turn!)
- Travel time
- Costs
- Perceived convenience and safety
- Status
> Practicalities
- Bicycle parking
- Utility accessories


More quality infra, more cycling
0

-0,2
quality of bicycle infrastructure

-0,4

-0,6

-0,8

-1

-1,2
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
bicycle share (%)


Relation with public transport
> More efficient option on shorter distances
> Shorter travel times door-to-door
> Cost-efficient (≠ cheap!!!)
> Feeder mode
> Enlarging catchment area PT
> Improving door-to-door travel time
> Requires transfer facilities
> PT should not compete with cycling on short distances


Return on urban transport
investments, bicycle versus PT
With Investment
Ec. Benefits
400
Social Benefits
Env. Impr ovements

300
Impact (in rate units)

200

100

0
ATH BRU HEL LYON MAD VI T&W STU ZCH MAN VAL BRA DELFT

metro S-Bahn tram bicycle
Source: Transecon-project


Cycling inclusive
More than adding cycle facilities to the road system
Change of entire traffic system
> Re-allocation of road space
> Re-allocation of budgets


Cycling planning at 3 levels
> Overall transport planning
> Integrated approach (vision!!)
> Change of traditional priorities
> Network planning & design
> Coherent network
> Connecting origins & destinations
> Road design
> Meeting needs of cyclists
> …where the cyclists are!!!

…and
> Organise public & political support
> Involve stakeholders
> Create a cycling culture
> Awareness campaigns
> Promotion
> Provide services
> Bicycle parking
> Bicycle repair
> Public bicycles

…because
> Promotion of cycling contributes to the efficiency
of the (urban) transport system
> Investments in cycling have a profitable
cost/benefit ratio
> Investments in cycling serve all segments of the
population


Dutch Cycling Embassy
What can we do for you?


Who we are
The Dutch Cycling Embassy is a comprehensive
network of:

> private companies: traffic and infrastructure
consultants and manufacturers
> NGOs, universities and research institutions
> national and local governments


What can we do for you?
> Access to Dutch Knowledge Base
> Liaising with extensive Dutch network for:
> research
> planning
> policy-making
> product development
> manufacturing
> construction or building
> Help you to find the best possible partners.


A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

Destacado

Destacado (16)

Similar a A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Similar a A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport (20)

Más de WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities

Más de WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities (20)

Último

Último (11)

A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport