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1. OPTICAL TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE

2. What is SONET
1.Introduction to SONET
 Synchronous optical network (SONET) is a
standard for optical telecommunications transport.
 The comprehensive SONET/synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH) standard is expected to
provide the transport infrastructure for worldwide
telecommunications for at least the next two or
three decades.
 The increased configuration flexibility and
bandwidth availability of SONET provides
significant advantages over the older
telecommunications
system.

3. Background
Before SONET, the first generations of fiber-optic systems in
the public telephone network used proprietary architectures,
equipment, line codes, multiplexing formats, and maintenance
procedures.
The users of this equipment regional Bell operating companies
and interexchange carriers (IXCs) in the United States,
Canada, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong standards so that
they could mix and match equipment from different suppliers.
The task of creating such a standard was taken up in 1984 by
the ECSA (Exchange Carriers Standards Association) to establish a
standard for connecting one fiber system to another. This
standard is called SONET.

4. SONET Network Elements

5. • Regenerator
A regenerator is needed when, due to the long distance between
multiplexers, the signal level in the fiber becomes too low.
• Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
A single-stage multiplexer/demultiplexer can multiplex various
inputs into an OC signal. At an add/drop site, only those signals
that need to be accessed are dropped or inserted. The remaining
traffic continues through the network element without requiring
special pass-through units or other signal processing.

6. Synchronous & Asynchronous
Communication
1. Synchronous Transformations
A synchronous transformation processes incoming rows
and passes them on in the data flow one row at a time.
Output is synchronous with input, meaning that it
occurs at the same time. Therefore, to process a given
row, the transformation does not need information
about other rows in the data set. In the actual
implementation, rows are grouped into buffers as they
pass from one component to the next, but these buffers
are transparent to the user, and you can assume that
each row is processed separately.

7. Synchronous & Asynchronous
Communication
Asynchronous transmission
Primarily when the data to be transmitted is generated at
random intervals
– the user keys in each character at an indeterminate rate
– with possibly long random time intervals between each
successive typed character
Start bit and one or more stop bits
– each transmitted character or byte is encapsulated
SONET
In a synchronous system such as SONET, the average frequency
of all clocks in the system will be the same (synchronous) or
nearly the same (Every clock can be traced back to a highly
stable reference supply.

8. What Are the Benefits of SONET?
• Reduction in equipment requirements and an increase
in network reliability
• Definition of a synchronous multiplexing format for
carrying lower level digital signals and a synchronous
structure that greatly simplifies the interface to digital
switches, digital cross-connect switches, and add-drop
multiplexers

9. What Are the Benefits of SONET?
• Availability of a set of generic standards that
enable products from different vendors to be
connected
• Definition of a flexible architecture capable of
accommodating future applications, with a
variety of transmission rates

10. Wavelength-division
multiplexing
• In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes
multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by
using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to carry
different signals.
•This allows for a multiplication in capacity, in addition to
enabling bidirectional communications over one strand of
fiber.
•This is a form of frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
but is commonly called wavelength division multiplexing.

11. How the Technology Works
• The highway principle and the ~25 THz optical
fiber .
transmitting several different independent wavelengths simultaneously.

12. Basic Concept
1. laser must emit light at a different
wavelength.
2. all the lasers' light multiplexed together onto
a single optical fiber.

13. Basic Concept
3. Transmitted through a high-bandwidth
optical fiber .

14. Basic Concept
4. Signals must be demultiplexed at the
receiving end( by distributing the total optical power to each
output port and then requiring that each receiver selectively recover only one
wavelength by using a tunable optical filter