G. Schauer, "EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010

EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results
from Fleet Tests, Business Models

Gerd Schauer
VERBUND AG, Innovation Research & Development

Electric Vehicles
22. Sept. 2010, Copenhagen, DK

VERBUND

Verbund 2008:
Sales: 3.744,7 Mio. €
Operating result (EBIT): 1.138,6 Mio. €
Group result: 686,6 Mio. €
Balance sheet total: 8.293,8 Mio. €
Operating cash flow: 934,2 Mio. €
Free cash flow: -187,5 Mio. €

VERBUND Bereich I Vorname Nachname I Vertraulichkeitsklasse

1

VERBUND Generation / Transmission

AHP: 90 Hydro power plants 22.255 GWh
(Verbund total: 6.971,3 MW, 27.601 GWh)
ATP: 3 Thermal power plants 815 MWel
district heating 430 MWth
(6 in reserve: 1035 MWel + 524 MWth)
APG: Transmission lines: 380 kV - 1002 km
220 kV - 1657 km

we generate ~ 40 % of Austrian electricity demand
(Conditions 2008)


Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Why e-mobility, several arguments

3. Austrian EV activities

4. European Fleet Test & experience

5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer

2

The Main EU-Drivers for E-mobility:

Energy Efficiency, Emission Reduction and Security of Supply

nt
f ere gy?
Ecology Policy dif ate Industry & Clients
• Greenhouse gas a l str
• Exert pressure forlreducing
te the
GHGs emissions inon
Automotive Industrie
emissions(GHG) from
na
isector m • Solution for the fullfilment of
increased traffic rd
transport m
oo a co EU-targets • Innovation as a way to
the fleet goal
o c nd dependence on
• Air pollution in highly dense • Compliance with
urban residential areas from
e •t Reducing
i Energy
air pollutants and particulate abl of
overcome the crisis
timport efficiency /
matter
o is ers Identifying technological
consumption Clients:
• Noise pollution fromWh inold
• • Intense fluctuations in fuel
traffic
eh
solutions for environmental prices
urban residential areas k
sta
goals

The current state of play is more favorable of e-mobility than in the past


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


3

1.

- High energy efficiency saves primary energy

Source: Eurelectric (2009)
… full benefit with
green electricity



4

2.

- The reduction of CO2 emissions in the electricity industry
will improve the environmental performance of EVs further

EU passenger car Conventional
fleet average cars cause …
180
Average Passenger Car 1/3 of CO2
160 Today
140
EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2012 Target 2015
120
Corresponding EV
gCO2/km

100
EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2015
Target 2020
80 2/3 of NO2

60

40

20 Electric Car
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030


3.

- No “new” infrastructure necessary

Infrastructure in contrast
to other new individual
transport concepts the
“refuelling”
infrastructure for
electric vehicles (EV)
is already in place.


5

4.

The snap shot of all Alternative Fuel Chains shows:
- Electricity as the best choice
a greater introduction of RES will further improve this advantage

4.50
Internal combustion engine (ICE) Fuel cell (FC)
4.00
Renewable
3.50
Nuclear
3.00 Fossil
[MJ/km]

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

EU C (on d
e)

L

Et DM CTL
TL
fe ce)

H2 me l NG
CG fa ano od

ty d
CG ity m l
ec 2 )
ha Eth ol w G

ec 2 d
CM LPG
G NG

ar s t
FA as
E

CG M ed a w

a
e l G H site
l f ol e a

H2 ix
oo
BT

c i in
ix
el LH n
M

N
nc

t ri co
H2 eth wo
G

wi
og

tri w
m
(re en

m tr
no an h

NG d w
re

CM G

ha E
bi
el fer

c
es re

n

r
Di e (
in
ol

EU
as
G

H2

EV
et
M


CG

ry
tte
Scource: CONCAWE et al. 2007; LBST 2007

Ba

5.

- 100 % electric vehicles (theoretical) as of tomorrow would
increase EU-27 electricity demand by (only) 15%

In >20 years!
TWh
15% 3 570 Expected
increase with
3.100 470 100% electric
vehicles

Electricity
Demand
(2005)
Based on:
4.4 trillion person-km (2005, Eurostat)
Assumption:
1.7 passengers/vehicle
0.18 kWh/ vehicle-km

Source: EURPROG, Eurostat, own calculations, figures rounded

6

7.

- The low “overall costs” of electric vehicles
are attractive to customers

Comparison TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO)1), 2020

Price of petrol

1,5 €/l?

> With a petrol price of
1,50 €/l already significant
Fuel cost

battery
? cost advantages are achieved
Car taxes
Maintenance > Higher cost advantages are
& service
possible
Car price – Drivers: oil price, tax breaks,
battery costs

ICE PHEV EV
(Internal Combustion (Plug-in Hybrid (Electric Vehicle)
Engine) Electric Vehicle)

VERBUND HI /assumption out
1) Gerd Schauer of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008

Battery is key element for suitable range! … but which range do we need?

Optimisation of electrode material
Li-Ion technology brought the Customer aspect:
breaktrough in range Few distances / year > 200 km !

Typical driving profile of passenger car

Typical
range of EV

Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008


7


Schematic:

ARE EV AVAILABLE ?

8

6.

- Electric vehicles are available … and choice will increase!

From former EVs
81 “converted” cars,
(53,6%)
28 EVs 41 EVs
(27,2%)

To 91 E-car types!
(18,5%)

now, new cars, especially
1 EV

“designed as EV” come to the
(0,7%)

market

Total 151 EV documented in
Verbund EV data base

From 25 EV

Source: S. Frey


9



10

Electricity from RENEWABLES!


Electricity from
RENEWABLES!


11

Large Hydro power potential – worldwide!

Hydropowerpotential
(worldwide 11.574 TWh/a)
Developable techn. feasible hydropower potential
16.000 TWh In operation

1.667 TWh
2.224 TWh

968 TWh

633 TWh

156 TWh
5.926 TWh
14.000 TWh 11.574 TWh

12.000 TWh

10.000 TWh
TWh/a

8.000 TWh

6.000 TWh

4.000 TWh

2.000 TWh

0 TWh
Asia

America

America

Africa

&Australasia
Europe
Worldwide

&North
Central
South

Oceania

Demand for peak power

for pumping hydro power plants
Increasing demand for balancing power
integration of wind power
Such projects are economical
... in erection
e.g. 480 MW Limberg II, Kaprun


12

Austria
Impact on the electricity demand - 2

Loading during the
evening hours
Too high peak loads
+ 3,6 GW
Not feasible

NEED FOR LOADING
MANAGEMENT

Quelle: 17.06.2008

Austria
Impact on the electricity demand - 3

Basic conditions:
Loading management > Intelligent control of load flow
> Grid operator

Result
> Regularity of the power
> Hardly peak load

Future: V2G:
> balancing by electric vehicles


13

Model region
REN to cover the demand

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Result: 42,5 GWh 100 % PV 100 % Wind Combination
PV power 49,9 0 0,8 MW
PV modules (185 Watt) 269.956 0 4.463 modules
Wind power 0 22,4 22,0 MW
Wind power plants 0 12 11 power plants
4.000

3.500
Windkraft Photovoltaik

3.000
Result Scenario 3
2.500
L eistu n g - k W

2.000

1.500

1.000

500

-
0 0 :0 0

0 1 :0 0

0 2 :0 0

0 3 :0 0

0 4 :0 0

0 5 :0 0

0 6 :0 0

0 7 :0 0

0 8 :0 0

0 9 :0 0

1 0 :0 0

1 1 :0 0

1 2 :0 0

1 3 :0 0

1 4 :0 0

1 5 :0 0

1 6 :0 0

1 7 :0 0

1 8 :0 0

1 9 :0 0

2 0 :0 0

2 1 :0 0

2 2 :0 0

2 3 :0 0

Shopping Center

Basic informations:
> Reference shopping center: Citypark Graz
> Power of the transformers: around 1.700 kW
> 21 charging stations for electric vehicles (assumption)
> Charging during the business hours
> PV on the roof of parking garage
> Calculations made for worst case

Result:
> Calculation of additional electricity demand:
> 232.000 kWh/a for permanent charging
> maximum power: 77 kW


14

Shopping Center
Effect of EV charging on electricity demand

Charging only during opening hours
Increased peak power but
>Insignificant
>Transformer adequate

Werktag inkl. E-Mobilitätr Werktag Winter
1.600

1.400

1.200

1.000

800

600

400

200

0
00:00

01:00

02:00

03:00

04:00

05:00

06:00

07:00

08:00

09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
!!!!Demand correlates with PV production!!!!


15

Shopping Center
Impact on the electrical installation

Low voltage: wire cross section depends on:
> Current
> Cable length
Fall of voltage max. 3 % - usually 1,5 %



16

EURELECTRIC and industry actions

An OEM/Utility standardization initiative was started end of 2008 to accelerate
and improve standards definition

Standardisation plays key role!
Need for standardised
EV-Connector

3 – phase
up to 500 V
up tp 63 A
up to 43 kW
? Control pins

OEM/Utility standardization initiative process

WG: EU Regulations & standards needed for the electrification of cars


17

Design of system concept


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


18

We have to develop a complex system architecture!
Policy City development, traffic concepts, energy policy, Generation, Power
autarc region, financial incentives
Hydro power, thermal power,
Wind, PV, balancing power
Lighthouse projects Benefits !
ŋ, REN, CO2
E-mobility model region
Customer
Mobility, reliability,in daily
Smart grid, G2V, V2G
Business models use, price
Grid capacity, grid control,
Mobility, DER, accounting system
Smart Grids, DG, DER
and trade of electricity, power System architecture
Car electronics – batterysystem –
charging – grid control/staybility –
billing – Datamanagement!
Electric Vehicle Charging station
Car development, power train/Gear, connector: 1~, 3~ Anschluß
drive motor, power electronics, fast charging (~100 kW)
Battery, Informationmanagement/
Control, Safety Garage, public parking
Fleet operators, P+R, shopping
Centers, Charging infrastructure

the vision
Renewable energy
generation
Hydro, wind, PV, biomass

Grid infrastructure
Households Transmisssion, Distribution
PV, surplus feed to grid, DG, Smart grids
G2V, V2G concepts,
Consumer + producer

E-mobile Region
R&D, Car-industry, Infrastructure

19

the customers

Austrian Mobile Power
Technology-Plattform
and Surroundings
Green Car Pilot- Stake- EU-Programs enable
Initiative emporA international involvement
Region holder Pilot regions for
implementation & demon-
stration of Standards
Stakeholders set boundary
conditions
Research projects offer
collection of know-how.

Open Plattform
austrian mobile power
creates solutions fitting for
austria and develops open
system for e-mobility for all
20 Partners (8/2010) market players, based on
EU-standards.

european standards & initiatives

20

25. Aug 2010:
2nd EV Li-ion
Forum, Beijing

emporA

Jän 2009: Aug. 09: Feb 2010: 3. Qu. 2010: 2010:
Verbund EV- Forum Oct 2009: Nomination prep. project - project prep.
Project start Alpbach Submit State price proposal - promote twin city
emporA emporA II
emporA
negotiations 13. Oct. 2010:
July 2009: e-mobility
Announce Dec. 2009: 27. Aug. 2010:
launch of day, EXPO
MoU Forum Alpbach
amp

VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer www.austrian-mobile-power.at

the goal

• Austria as a leader in the age of e-mobility
• Implementation of the overall system in pilot regions
• 100,000 electric vehicles in a pilot region
• Establish energy, infrastructure, and uniform accounting systems
• Collectively invest 50 million euros
• Trigger a total investment of 5 billion euros

21

Austrian Lighthouse projects
emporA – Project Goals
• Total System for Electromobility
– Vehicle Technology
– Infrastructure Technology
– User
• Development Leap for Austrian Key Facts:
Companies 15 Partners
– Automotive
5 WP: System architecture,
– Infrastructure vehicle technology,
– Energy Infrastructure,
• Utilization National and International Consumer,
– National Solutions; „Lighthouse Austria“ Implementation
– Contribution to European Solutions Project duration: 2010 – 2012
– Technologyexport Project costs: 21,0 Mio.€
Funding KLI.EN: 8,8 Mio.€

Corridor

„E-Mobility Corridor Central-East Europe“ (EMCEE)


22

Austrian Pilot Tests

VLOTTE: was first showcase for demonstration of EV
strong partnership, integrated (regional) mobility solution,
mobility card (~500,-€/month, after 4y residual value 25%)
Think (Zebra battery, later Li-Ion), Fiat 500, …
94% of drives under 50 km

Electro Drive, Salzburg: Utility driven,
different packages: e-bike, e-scooter, segway, EV
combined with card for public traffic

Region „Almenland“: Green mobility for touristic region,
goal is to 600 EV, scooters and e-bikes,
green electricity by hydro power

Further activities in Vienna, Graz, Linz, Carinthia

> Avoid different systems, support common standard,
financial support necessary,
> Actual costs for users too high for common acceptance


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


23

Belgium

Population concentrated to 6 large cities
3,5 priv. parking places of 5 Mio. car owners; 22% HH>2 cars
Stimulation by Belgium government (fiscal & others) for
individuals, companies and public authorities
Steering and infrastructure are the real issue for market
penetration of EV


Denmark

Central, decentral (CHP), wind power
-> generation peaks > load!

Challenges:
at no wind: from where should power come? W
3G
What should be done with surplus wind power :+
ind
that cannot be used? W
How can power system be so dynamic and
operationally flexible to capaqble unpredictable
events

Efficient market: producers – supplieers
NEED for INTELLIGENT Integration:
POWER SYSTEM <-> EV
Cooperation with Better place
EDISON project !

Source: P, Andreason, A. Hanson, energinet

24

EDISON (Electric Vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated Market using
Sustainable Energy and Open Networks)

Partners: IBM, DONG Energy, regional
energy company of Oestkraft, Techn.
Univ. of Denmark, Siemens, Eurisco
and Danish Energy Association

Research
technical development
demonstration

Charge EV by wind power; efficient use
Source: A. Hanson, energinet
of grid; ancilliary service


Germany

Pilot regions

8 Pilot Regions with 115 Mio.€ support:
Berlin-Potsdam, Hamburg,
Oldenburg/Bremen, Munich,
Rhein-Main, Rhein-Ruhr,
Sachsen, Stuttgart

E-mobility Allgäu
Cologne: “colognE-mobil”


25

Ireland

1500 Standard public 3~
>30 DC Fast Chargers
2000 Home Chargers (free
for EV buyer


Portugal


26

Netherlands

Projekt Niederlande :: e-laad.nl
Cooperation of DSO! Install and testing an uniform, rural covering infrastructure
of 10.000 charging stations by elaad.nl (2009-2012), create uniform technology &
communication. Charging stations are placed for free at public parking spots.
One Charging card per vehicle
From the grid side … load control is often mentioned (peak shaving)
There are additional ancilliary services: congestion management,
balancing power, Integration of renewable energies, disturbance
management
Different involved parties have different interests
El. Generator, DSO, TSO, balancing, trader, … customer

Proposition: Direct price control will not work
> price differences are too small
> Time constance of the interested party and
customer are to a high degree dissimilar

> (Source A. Postma, ENEXIS)


UK
National Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle Demonstrator
Programme
Plug-in vehicles (Prius, 12,5 miles el.) and
EV ~23 miles avg./d (80 miles range i-MiEV)
Congestion charge

Tender for Infrastructure:
Type of installation, available power, Connection (IEC62196-2),
Communication car – charging station, car – Utility
Standards, access control, RFID …
France:

French government announce EV program
Incentive: 5.000 € superbonus; Partnership: Renault - edf
Potential customers: group of 20 corporations: utilities, fleet owners

Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, …:


27

E-mobility projects: comparison, recommendations
Pionier Pionier Pionier

Criteria: Results: Förder-
programme
Geschäfts-
modell
Förder-
programme
Geschäfts- Förder-
programme
Geschäfts-
modell
modell

Pioneer
Fahrzeug- Abrechnungs-
einsatz konzept Fahrzeug- Abrechnungs- Fahrzeug- Abrechnungs-
Government einsatz konzept einsatz konzept

Business Stromtank-

subsidies stellen
Stromtank- Stromtank-
concept stellen stellen

Berlin Hamburg Vorarlberg
Pionier Pionier Pionier

Förder- Geschäfts-Förder- Geschäfts- Förder- Geschäfts-

Accounting programme modell programme modell programme modell

Used EVs concept
Fahrzeug- Fahrzeug-
Abrechnungs- Abrechnungs-
Fahrzeug- Abrechnungs-
einsatz konzept einsatz konzept einsatz konzept

Infrastructure
Stromtank- Stromtank- Stromtank-
power stations stellen stellen stellen

Salzburg Denmark London

Recommendations for future e-mobility projects
> Uniform accounting concepts Transnational accounting
concepts
> Provide service packages & leasing services in combination of
public transport as well as provision of infrastructure for EV-users
> For meeting short-term requirements: Use of different EV-types
and brands & also converted EV
> Use of electric mobility in different sectors (public transport, fleets)
within common mobility strategy
> Participation in tendering procedures for subsidies &
demonstration projects to accelerate market implementation


NEV Political Initiatives I


28

NEV Political Initiatives II



29


Source: Xiao Chengwei, Tianjin

30

Visit at TEPCO, Tokyo, 6. Sept. 2010

CHA De MO:
De facto standard for DC fast charging


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


31

Battery is key element for suitable range!

Optimisation of electrode material
Li-Ion technology brought the
breaktrough in range

Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008



32

Source: Yuan Li

Source: Yao Zhang, ATL

33

Source: Yao Zhang, ATL


34


Source Mo-Yua Yang

35

Development: Motor with
integrated Inverter (90 kVA)


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


36

Four main e-mobility electricity supply market structures can be
considered (for the public charging)

E-mobility electricity supply market structures

Charging Value added
Distribution Retail
Description stations services1)

1 "Business as usual" – current electricity
supply market structure is kept

2 Separeted Infrastructure- stand alone
charging network operator and
open/competitive electricity retail

3 “Monopoly"
4 "Oil like" (fragmented network ownership)
Retailer owned charging network models
1) Value Added Services were not considered because they are not expected to significantly influence the fit between electricity and mobility markets
Source: Rui Marques, edp

Market model:
Is the description of the market including necessary regulatory
elements. At EU Member States they are different; ideally the market
models should be the same across all. The market model represents
the different interactions among the various market participants
under the given economic (& regulatory) market forces.

Business Model: Price of petrol

Based on the market model, market players 1,5 €/l?

can develop their own business models and
services in a competitive environment. The Fuel cost

business model describes the different battery
Car taxes
?
components and operation of a certain Maintenance
& service
business together with the revenues and Car price
expenses the business generates.
ICE PHEV EV
(Internal (Plug-in Hybrid (Electric
Combustion Electric Vehicle)
Engine) Vehicle)
1) assumption out of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008


37

Value chain, variety of business models

Electricity Charging Components Electric
Infrastructure Vehicle
Integrated
„Mobility provider“ Infrastructure, normal/fast charging,
business
battery & 2nd use, V2G, Energy management
model
Smart grids
Infrastructure, normal/fast charging, batt. swapping
Aggregate
Infrastructure
Business fast charging OEM
Infrastructure
normal charging Battery, BMS
Park &Charge Motor, pwr. el.
Renewable EV
Single business Charging manufacturer
el. provider Li-Cell
station

A, B, C, D - segment


Deep Analysis necessary for finding
individual fitting business model necessary!

Electric vehicle (customer view):
Investment, operation costs, fuel/
energy costs, maintanance, insurance,
taxes, battery, losses, …
Infrastructure & electricity:
Station for loading at home, private parking place,
Garage and Parking operators, High investment
for public chargers, fast charger, battery swapping
Electric vehicle (manufacturer, components):
battery, battery management system
power electronics (motor controller and charger)
and drive motor

Development of costs as function of learning curve!
Define individual business models (battery leasing,
car sharing, integrated mobility concepts, V2G, …
Regulatory framework

your homework … relating to your specific
business to find individual best solution


38

1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


Summary

E-mobility is highly interdisciplinary -> There is a need for strong technological
platforms
Pilot tests show -> Common Standards necessary (instead of singular solutions)
E-mobility is international –> Cooperation projects are needed … !
E-mobility is not mature -> research activities are necessary and funding is a key
element for successful implementation
Battery is a key element
Need for support of infrastructure and EV for market introduction
Develop legal and fiscal framework for implementation of EV

E-mobility becomes reality … and is not a 3rd hype!


39

Thank you for your attention ! 谢谢 !

Gerd.Schauer@verbund.at

www.verbund.at

132

40

G. Schauer, "EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010

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G. Schauer, "EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010