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全球化下的貿易經濟
江鈞 BD0981016
20.4 貿易理論
20.4.1 絕對優勢論

絕對優勢論認為,貿易的發生是因為各國
在生產不同產品方面各有專長,採取專業
分工的方式,透過貿易與他國交易。
20.4 貿易理論

20.4.1 絕對優勢論
20.4 貿易理論

20.4.2 比較優勢論

比較優勢論是指,每一個國家生產同樣產
品的機會成本與他國不同,每一個國家應
生產具比較優勢的產品,然後經由貿易互
蒙其利。
20.4 貿易理論
20.4.3 近代貿易理論的發展

要素稟賦貿易理論( factor endowment theory )
要素稟賦論以生產要素、要素密集度、要素密集型產品、要素稟賦、
要素豐裕程度等概念表述和說明,掌握這些概念是理解要素稟賦論的
關鍵。

產業內貿易( intra-industry trade )
產業內貿易也稱為水平貿易 (Horizontal Trade) 或雙向貿易 (Two-Wa
y Trade), 指一個國家在出口的同時又進口某種同類產品。這裡的同類
產品是指按國際貿易標準分類( SITC )至少前 3 位數相同的產品,
即至少屬於同類同章同組的商品。
20.4 貿易理論

後期理論的演進:

特殊生產要素( specific factors )
所謂特殊要素,是指一種要素的用途通常僅限於
某一部門,而不適合於其他部門的需要。

規模經濟( economies of scale )
是指擴大生產規模引起經濟效益增加的現象。規
模經濟反映的是生產要素的集中程度同經濟效益
之間的關係。
20.4 貿易理論

市場可能不是完全競爭的型態
不完全競爭市場是相對於完全競爭市場而言的
,除完全競爭市場以外的所有的或多或少帶有
一定壟斷因素的市場都被稱為不完全競爭市場
。

交易成本的存在…等等
狹義交易成本是為履行契約所付出的時間
和努
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿
易限制的問題
20.5.1 貿易障礙

限制國際間自由貿易的想法稱為保護主義
;保護政策可分為關稅及非關稅障礙。

當課徵的稅與進口商品的價 有一定之關值
係時,稱為從價稅 。

當課徵的稅與進口商品的量有一定之關係
時,稱為從量稅
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿
易限制的問題

常見的非關稅障礙有:配額、出口自動限
制、限制進口地區、進口憑證、產地證明
、檢疫及檢驗等。
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿
易限制的問題

20.5.2 關稅與配額的效果比較

關稅政策優於配額制度:

關稅收入歸之政府

配額制度易產生行政腐化

配額制度下較容易產生走私行為
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿
易限制的問題

20.5.2 關稅與配額的效果比較

一般而言,關稅政策優於配額制度。採用
配額的理由是:

(1) 保證進口數量

(2) 政策較易實施

(3) 利益分配考量
20.6 為什麼要保護 ?

限制貿易的經濟理由是:

(1) 使本國產品的價格具有競爭性

(2) 保護本國某些特定的產業

(3) 避免外國產品不公平競爭

(4) 扶持本國特定產業
20.6 為什麼要保護 ?
自由貿易的阻力之一是,自由貿易下受創的
產業或群體較集中,受創者為維護利益,
容易凝聚力量;而受益的是分散的廣大消
費者,個人利得有限,不易集中力量挺身
支持。

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全球化下的貿易經濟