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全球化下的貿易經濟
1.
全球化下的貿易經濟 江鈞 BD0981016
2.
20.4 貿易理論 20.4.1 絕對優勢論 絕對優勢論認為,貿易的發生是因為各國 在生產不同產品方面各有專長,採取專業 分工的方式,透過貿易與他國交易。
3.
20.4 貿易理論 20.4.1 絕對優勢論
4.
20.4 貿易理論 20.4.2 比較優勢論 比較優勢論是指,每一個國家生產同樣產 品的機會成本與他國不同,每一個國家應 生產具比較優勢的產品,然後經由貿易互 蒙其利。
5.
20.4 貿易理論 20.4.3 近代貿易理論的發展 要素稟賦貿易理論(
factor endowment theory ) 要素稟賦論以生產要素、要素密集度、要素密集型產品、要素稟賦、 要素豐裕程度等概念表述和說明,掌握這些概念是理解要素稟賦論的 關鍵。 產業內貿易( intra-industry trade ) 產業內貿易也稱為水平貿易 (Horizontal Trade) 或雙向貿易 (Two-Wa y Trade), 指一個國家在出口的同時又進口某種同類產品。這裡的同類 產品是指按國際貿易標準分類( SITC )至少前 3 位數相同的產品, 即至少屬於同類同章同組的商品。
6.
20.4 貿易理論 後期理論的演進: 特殊生產要素( specific
factors ) 所謂特殊要素,是指一種要素的用途通常僅限於 某一部門,而不適合於其他部門的需要。 規模經濟( economies of scale ) 是指擴大生產規模引起經濟效益增加的現象。規 模經濟反映的是生產要素的集中程度同經濟效益 之間的關係。
7.
20.4 貿易理論 市場可能不是完全競爭的型態 不完全競爭市場是相對於完全競爭市場而言的 ,除完全競爭市場以外的所有的或多或少帶有 一定壟斷因素的市場都被稱為不完全競爭市場 。 交易成本的存在…等等 狹義交易成本是為履行契約所付出的時間 和努
8.
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿 易限制的問題 20.5.1 貿易障礙 限制國際間自由貿易的想法稱為保護主義 ;保護政策可分為關稅及非關稅障礙。 當課徵的稅與進口商品的價
有一定之關值 係時,稱為從價稅 。 當課徵的稅與進口商品的量有一定之關係 時,稱為從量稅
9.
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿 易限制的問題 常見的非關稅障礙有:配額、出口自動限 制、限制進口地區、進口憑證、產地證明 、檢疫及檢驗等。
10.
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿 易限制的問題 20.5.2 關稅與配額的效果比較 關稅政策優於配額制度: 關稅收入歸之政府 配額制度易產生行政腐化 配額制度下較容易產生走私行為
11.
20.5 自由貿易與保護主義:貿 易限制的問題 20.5.2 關稅與配額的效果比較 一般而言,關稅政策優於配額制度。採用 配額的理由是: (1)
保證進口數量 (2) 政策較易實施 (3) 利益分配考量
12.
20.6 為什麼要保護 ? 限制貿易的經濟理由是: (1)
使本國產品的價格具有競爭性 (2) 保護本國某些特定的產業 (3) 避免外國產品不公平競爭 (4) 扶持本國特定產業
13.
20.6 為什麼要保護 ? 自由貿易的阻力之一是,自由貿易下受創的 產業或群體較集中,受創者為維護利益, 容易凝聚力量;而受益的是分散的廣大消 費者,個人利得有限,不易集中力量挺身 支持。
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