1. Impacts of the urban form on comfort
levels in outdoor spaces and on the
built environment
Prof. Dr. Eduardo L. Krüger
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Departamento de Construção Civil
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR
Curitiba. Paraná
ekruger@utfpr.edu.br
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
2. Context
• Indoors (built spaces) - Brazil
– Bioclimatic Zoning of Brazil “Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro”
– Brazilian Building Performance Standards “Normas de
Desempenho de Edificações – Térmica, Acústica, Lumínica“ http://
www.labeee.ufsc.br
– Brazilian Energy Efficiency Rating of Commercial and Residential
Buildings “Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade do Nível de
Eficiência Energética“ http://www.inmetro.gov.br/
• Outdoors
– Municipalities
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
3. Outline
• Principles (“Comfort”)
• Sample studies
– Curitiba, Brazil
– Israel (2005-2006)
– UK (2010-2011)
• Conclusions - topics for discussion
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
4. “Comfort”
• Urban form and comfort / life quality – effects on
microclimate; daylighting availability at pedestrian level
and in the indoor space; air quality issues; urban noise;
accessibility ...
• Relevant cause & effect factors
– Morphology and wind profiles
– Shape, orientation, thermal mass (storage), water bodies, albedo
and microclimate
– Vegetation, evapotranspiration and microclimate
– Shape, orientation and shadowing/mutual shadowing effects
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
5. Relevant factors
Urban form and wind in urban settings
ROSSI (2004 )
Effects of urban form
on air flow
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
6. Relevant factors
Urban form and urban microclimate
OKE, 1978
Relevant factors
Thermal impacts of urban morphology
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
7. Relevant factors
Urban form and implications on overshadowing
Acoma Pueblo , New Mexico, looking northeast. Terraces, windows
and doors face southward to capture the winter sun. (Drawing by Gary
S. Shigemura in Energy and Form by Ralph L. Knowles.) More contemporary “solutions” for the
problem of buildings casting shadows on others
(detail shadow)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
8. Relevant factors
Urban form and pollutants dispersion
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
9. Urban form parameters
Height to Width Factor
H/W = 0.33 H/W = 1
H/W = 0.66 H/W = 2
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FONTE: SUGA, SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
10. Urban form parameters
Sky View Factor - SVF
SVF = 23%
SVF = 46%
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN 2009
Fonte: MINELLA, FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
11. Research Methods
Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal
perception)
Physical modelling
Simulation studies
Establishing linkages between urban form and observed
effects
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
12. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) (2010-2011)
Research carried out in Israel
Post-doc (CAPES) (2005-2006)
Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
(since 1999)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
13. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Field measurements for heat mapping
Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians
Simulation studies (daylighting – solar envelope)
Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion/microclimate)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
14. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Field measurements for heat mapping (Rossi 2004)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
15. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010
Comfort questionnaire (based on ISO 10551)
Date: …………
Time: …………
Part 1: background and personal information
Gender (circle it): Male
Female
Age: …………
Weight: ………… Height: …………
Time of residency (Glasgow or UK, circle it):
less than 6 months
more than 6 months
Time spent outdoors (minutes): …………
Part 2: current clothing garments (clothing ensembles
as in ISO 9920) refer to Table Annex A
Part 3: How do you feel at this precise moment?
(-3) cold
(-2) cool
(-1) slightly cool
(0) neutral
(+1) slightly warm
(+2) warm
(+3) hot
Part 4: Please state how you would prefer to be now:
(+3) much warmer
(+2) warmer
(+1) a little warmer
(0) neither warmer nor cooler
(-1) a little cooler
(-2) cooler
(-3) much cooler
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
16. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010 - RESULTS
Data 25,0
Over 2000 surveys (approx. 1650 valid
20,0
votes)
ΔMRT-T (°C)
Different seasons (Jan-Aug 2009) 15,0
15 urban situations 10,0
SVF ranging 0.2-0.55
5,0
Resulting studies
Applicability of comfort indices: 0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6
y = 52.992x - 7.088
2 SVF
Comparisons between actual thermal R = 0.57
sensation versus selected comfort indices
(including UTCI)
Diurnal effect of SVF on outdoor comfort,
Ta and Tmrt
Ventilation profiles and air quality
(simulations with ENVI-met, from
calibrated model)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
17. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (daylighting) (Suga 2005)
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
18. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (daylighting) (Suga 2005)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
19. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (solar envelope) (Tamura 2010)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
20. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion) (Rasia 2011)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
21. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
22. Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)
Procedure adopted for the SOVALP Project in Geneva, Switzerland
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
23. Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)
Physical modelling with OASUS
Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
24. Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)
Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)
OASUS Open-Air Scaled Urban Surface
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
25. Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)
Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
26. Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)
Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
27. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Urban Heat Island – Heat Mapping
Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians
Simulation studies (microclimate)
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
28. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Urban Heat Island – Inter-urban temperature differences
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
29. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Urban Heat Island – Intra-urban temperature differences
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
30. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Urban Heat Island – Results
30
25
20
Temperature in degC
15
10
5
0
-5
00:00
02:00
05:00
07:00
09:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
01:00
03:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
20:00
22:00
Delta T T urban T rural
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
31. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
32. Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
Simulation studies (microclimate) 215
205
195
185
Nile Street 175
165
Bath Street 155
145
Buchanan Street 135
125
115
Y (m)
105
95
85
75
65
55
45
35
25
15
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
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<Left foot>
33. CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR
DISCUSSION
Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal
perception) as an aid to UHI analyses and as relevant
database for calibrating and verifying existing comfort
indices
Physical modelling : applicable under certain conditions
Simulation studies : important tool for checking
daylighting potentials and solar
accessibibility, somewhat limited yet with regard to
urban microclimate modelling
Establishing linkages between urban form and observed
effects!!!
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Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’
34. CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR
DISCUSSION
How to incorporate findings in master plans and urban
design guidelines?
Is it feasible for researchers to participate in urban
planning initiatives and how could that be promoted?
What possible lessons could be learnt from the German
experience in climate responsive urban design?
Possible collaborations with German researchers...?
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35. Collaborations
Baruch Givoni (Prof. Emeritus UCLA)
Man in the Desert team (Israel): Evyatar Erell, David
Pearlmutter, Isaac Meir
IIfADo (Dortmund/Germany): Peter Bröde, Dusan Fiala
(ErgonSim—Comfort Energy Efficiency)
Uni Freiburg: Andreas Matzarakis
GCU/Glasgow/IAUC Secretary: Rohinton Emmanuel
Lund University (Sweden): Erik Johansson, Sophia
Thorsson
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