SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 6
Meaning of modals
 Upper-intermediate exercises
Read these examples and classify the following modals in the
             chart below according to their meaning.



a.       You’ll feel better after this medicine
b.       That’ll be the postman
c.       If litmus paper is dipped in acid, it will turn red;
d.       Oil will float on water
e.       She’ll sit on the floor quietly all day. She’ll just play with her
toys, and you won’t hear a murmur from her ( of a good baby)
f.       She will fall in love with the wrong people.
g.       Every morning he would go for a long walk
h.       In the spring the birds would return to their old haunts, and
the wood would be filled with their music….
O i.       Sandra used to come down here and watch
    me bake cakes. And she used to find it quite
    fascinating. She wanted to bake them herself but
    she never really knew how. And her grandmother
    always used to bake cakes and she would go and
    watch you know.
O   j.     I’ll write as soon as I can; We won’t stay
    longer than two hours
O   k.     Will/Would you help me to address these
    letters? I’ll do it, if you like
O   l.     : If you will go out without your overcoat,
    what can you expect?; She would keep
    interrupting me.
O   m. I’m afraid you’ll need to fill in this form. I’ll
    have to ask you to wait a minute.
EXERCISE :
NOW COMPLETE YOUR
  CHART WITH THE
    SENTENCES
MEANING                  EXAMPLE
1.Prediction in the
present/ future
2.Logical necessity


3.Conditional
sentences:
- universal truth


4. Present habits


5. Criticizing typical
behavior


6. Past habits and
actions
7. Willingness


8. insistence
NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
                              EXAMPLE
MEANING
1.Prediction in
                    a
the present/
future
2.Logical
                    b
necessity

3.Conditional
                    C,d
sentences:
- universal truth

4. Present
                    E
habits

5. Criticizing
                    f
typical behavior

6. Past habits
                    G, h, i
and actions

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)
Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)
Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)silviamilagres
 
Conditionals slideshare
Conditionals slideshareConditionals slideshare
Conditionals slideshareMarta Regalado
 
Basic sight words
Basic sight words Basic sight words
Basic sight words JaneCells
 
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPES
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPESCONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPES
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPESSECONDARY SCHOOL
 
English pronombres demostrativos ejercicios
English pronombres demostrativos ejerciciosEnglish pronombres demostrativos ejercicios
English pronombres demostrativos ejerciciosalucardoxx
 
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionalsnies1960
 
Conditional sentences 1
Conditional sentences 1Conditional sentences 1
Conditional sentences 1jgil7
 
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals ppt
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals pptZero, First, Second and Third Conditionals ppt
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals pptGrace
 
Conditional Sentences Ppt
Conditional Sentences PptConditional Sentences Ppt
Conditional Sentences Pptadra surya
 

La actualidad más candente (19)

If clauses
If clausesIf clauses
If clauses
 
Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)
Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)
Zero, first, second and third conditionals (2nd grade)
 
Capitalization 1-k
Capitalization 1-kCapitalization 1-k
Capitalization 1-k
 
If clause
If clauseIf clause
If clause
 
Conditionals slideshare
Conditionals slideshareConditionals slideshare
Conditionals slideshare
 
Basic sight words
Basic sight words Basic sight words
Basic sight words
 
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPES
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPESCONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPES
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES I,II TYPES
 
English pronombres demostrativos ejercicios
English pronombres demostrativos ejerciciosEnglish pronombres demostrativos ejercicios
English pronombres demostrativos ejercicios
 
8 2
8 28 2
8 2
 
Conditional type2
Conditional type2Conditional type2
Conditional type2
 
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals
1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals
 
Conditional sentences 1
Conditional sentences 1Conditional sentences 1
Conditional sentences 1
 
Conditionals. type 2
Conditionals. type 2 Conditionals. type 2
Conditionals. type 2
 
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals ppt
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals pptZero, First, Second and Third Conditionals ppt
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals ppt
 
Conditional type 2
Conditional type 2   Conditional type 2
Conditional type 2
 
Conditional Sentences Ppt
Conditional Sentences PptConditional Sentences Ppt
Conditional Sentences Ppt
 
Conditional
ConditionalConditional
Conditional
 
Four conditionals
Four conditionalsFour conditionals
Four conditionals
 
If Unless
If UnlessIf Unless
If Unless
 

Destacado

Modal verbs chart 1ero medio
Modal verbs chart 1ero medioModal verbs chart 1ero medio
Modal verbs chart 1ero medioRafael Alejandro
 
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt  pres.continuous vs simplePpt  pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt pres.continuous vs simpleElena Gómez
 
Writing strategies writing paragraphs
Writing strategies  writing paragraphsWriting strategies  writing paragraphs
Writing strategies writing paragraphsElena Gómez
 
Anticipatory it b2
Anticipatory it  b2Anticipatory it  b2
Anticipatory it b2Elena Gómez
 
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt  pres.continuous vs simplePpt  pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt pres.continuous vs simpleElena Gómez
 
Present perfect vs present perfect continuous
Present perfect vs present perfect continuousPresent perfect vs present perfect continuous
Present perfect vs present perfect continuousElena Gómez
 
Understanding phrasal verbs
Understanding phrasal verbsUnderstanding phrasal verbs
Understanding phrasal verbsElena Gómez
 
Passive voice (chart)
Passive voice (chart)Passive voice (chart)
Passive voice (chart)MattConsa
 
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regret
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regretPast modals of deduction, speculation and regret
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regretMíriam
 
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.Elena Gómez
 
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceVerbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceElena Gómez
 

Destacado (20)

Modal verbs chart 1ero medio
Modal verbs chart 1ero medioModal verbs chart 1ero medio
Modal verbs chart 1ero medio
 
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt  pres.continuous vs simplePpt  pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
 
Frozzen Pizza
Frozzen Pizza Frozzen Pizza
Frozzen Pizza
 
Frozzen pizza and
Frozzen pizza andFrozzen pizza and
Frozzen pizza and
 
Headlines analysis
Headlines analysisHeadlines analysis
Headlines analysis
 
Writing strategies writing paragraphs
Writing strategies  writing paragraphsWriting strategies  writing paragraphs
Writing strategies writing paragraphs
 
Anticipatory it b2
Anticipatory it  b2Anticipatory it  b2
Anticipatory it b2
 
Cleft sentences
Cleft sentencesCleft sentences
Cleft sentences
 
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt  pres.continuous vs simplePpt  pres.continuous vs simple
Ppt pres.continuous vs simple
 
Past modals for speculation in the past
Past modals for speculation in the pastPast modals for speculation in the past
Past modals for speculation in the past
 
Headline writing
Headline writingHeadline writing
Headline writing
 
Present perfect vs present perfect continuous
Present perfect vs present perfect continuousPresent perfect vs present perfect continuous
Present perfect vs present perfect continuous
 
Understanding phrasal verbs
Understanding phrasal verbsUnderstanding phrasal verbs
Understanding phrasal verbs
 
Passive voice (chart)
Passive voice (chart)Passive voice (chart)
Passive voice (chart)
 
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regret
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regretPast modals of deduction, speculation and regret
Past modals of deduction, speculation and regret
 
Headline Writing
Headline WritingHeadline Writing
Headline Writing
 
Passive Voice
Passive VoicePassive Voice
Passive Voice
 
headline writing
headline writingheadline writing
headline writing
 
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.
Phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.
 
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceVerbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
 

Similar a Meaning of modals exercises

Similar a Meaning of modals exercises (20)

MODALS DR N S PATEL.pptx
MODALS DR N S PATEL.pptxMODALS DR N S PATEL.pptx
MODALS DR N S PATEL.pptx
 
Modal Verbs
Modal VerbsModal Verbs
Modal Verbs
 
Modals advanced
Modals advancedModals advanced
Modals advanced
 
Session 001 conditional sentences
Session 001 conditional sentencesSession 001 conditional sentences
Session 001 conditional sentences
 
Conditionals
ConditionalsConditionals
Conditionals
 
Homework Booklet 2 Y9
Homework Booklet 2 Y9Homework Booklet 2 Y9
Homework Booklet 2 Y9
 
Will would-used to
Will would-used toWill would-used to
Will would-used to
 
Second conditinal 1
Second conditinal 1Second conditinal 1
Second conditinal 1
 
First conditional
First conditionalFirst conditional
First conditional
 
First conditional
First conditionalFirst conditional
First conditional
 
Top notch 3 5 7
Top notch 3 5 7Top notch 3 5 7
Top notch 3 5 7
 
Conditional sentences
Conditional sentencesConditional sentences
Conditional sentences
 
Exercises book 4 com resposta
Exercises book 4 com respostaExercises book 4 com resposta
Exercises book 4 com resposta
 
2_5235701473265851114.ppt
2_5235701473265851114.ppt2_5235701473265851114.ppt
2_5235701473265851114.ppt
 
English grammers
English grammersEnglish grammers
English grammers
 
Modals
ModalsModals
Modals
 
Modals
ModalsModals
Modals
 
The Usage of Conditionals
The Usage of ConditionalsThe Usage of Conditionals
The Usage of Conditionals
 
MODAL VERBS.pdf
MODAL VERBS.pdfMODAL VERBS.pdf
MODAL VERBS.pdf
 
English Modals.pdf
English Modals.pdfEnglish Modals.pdf
English Modals.pdf
 

Más de Elena Gómez

USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---
USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---
USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---Elena Gómez
 
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceVerbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceElena Gómez
 
File 2 a.adjective order
File 2 a.adjective orderFile 2 a.adjective order
File 2 a.adjective orderElena Gómez
 
Adverbs and adverbial clauses
Adverbs and adverbial clausesAdverbs and adverbial clauses
Adverbs and adverbial clausesElena Gómez
 
Writing a survey report
Writing a survey reportWriting a survey report
Writing a survey reportElena Gómez
 
Describing Places And Buildings
Describing Places And BuildingsDescribing Places And Buildings
Describing Places And BuildingsElena Gómez
 
The Language Of Headlines
The Language Of HeadlinesThe Language Of Headlines
The Language Of HeadlinesElena Gómez
 

Más de Elena Gómez (9)

USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---
USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---
USING BLOGS IN THE CLASSROOM---
 
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practiceVerbs+ preposition patterns.practice
Verbs+ preposition patterns.practice
 
File 2 a.adjective order
File 2 a.adjective orderFile 2 a.adjective order
File 2 a.adjective order
 
Adverbs and adverbial clauses
Adverbs and adverbial clausesAdverbs and adverbial clauses
Adverbs and adverbial clauses
 
Writing a survey report
Writing a survey reportWriting a survey report
Writing a survey report
 
Describing Places And Buildings
Describing Places And BuildingsDescribing Places And Buildings
Describing Places And Buildings
 
The Language Of Headlines
The Language Of HeadlinesThe Language Of Headlines
The Language Of Headlines
 
Presentations
PresentationsPresentations
Presentations
 
File 2a
File 2aFile 2a
File 2a
 

Último

Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSMae Pangan
 
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptxmary850239
 
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...Association for Project Management
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemTransaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemChristalin Nelson
 
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfGrade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfJemuel Francisco
 
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...DhatriParmar
 
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17Celine George
 
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptxmary850239
 
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxCLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxAnupam32727
 
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 Database
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 DatabaseHow to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 Database
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 DatabaseCeline George
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Projectjordimapav
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmStan Meyer
 
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptxmary850239
 
Expanded definition: technical and operational
Expanded definition: technical and operationalExpanded definition: technical and operational
Expanded definition: technical and operationalssuser3e220a
 
MS4 level being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
MS4 level   being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdfMS4 level   being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
MS4 level being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdfMr Bounab Samir
 

Último (20)

Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
 
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx
4.11.24 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow.pptx
 
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Professionprashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Large Language Models"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Large Language Models"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Large Language Models"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Large Language Models"
 
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...
Team Lead Succeed – Helping you and your team achieve high-performance teamwo...
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
 
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemTransaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
 
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfGrade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
 
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...
Blowin' in the Wind of Caste_ Bob Dylan's Song as a Catalyst for Social Justi...
 
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
 
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx
4.9.24 School Desegregation in Boston.pptx
 
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxCLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
 
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 Database
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 DatabaseHow to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 Database
How to Make a Duplicate of Your Odoo 17 Database
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
 
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx
4.11.24 Poverty and Inequality in America.pptx
 
Expanded definition: technical and operational
Expanded definition: technical and operationalExpanded definition: technical and operational
Expanded definition: technical and operational
 
MS4 level being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
MS4 level   being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdfMS4 level   being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
MS4 level being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
 

Meaning of modals exercises

  • 1. Meaning of modals Upper-intermediate exercises
  • 2. Read these examples and classify the following modals in the chart below according to their meaning. a. You’ll feel better after this medicine b. That’ll be the postman c. If litmus paper is dipped in acid, it will turn red; d. Oil will float on water e. She’ll sit on the floor quietly all day. She’ll just play with her toys, and you won’t hear a murmur from her ( of a good baby) f. She will fall in love with the wrong people. g. Every morning he would go for a long walk h. In the spring the birds would return to their old haunts, and the wood would be filled with their music….
  • 3. O i. Sandra used to come down here and watch me bake cakes. And she used to find it quite fascinating. She wanted to bake them herself but she never really knew how. And her grandmother always used to bake cakes and she would go and watch you know. O j. I’ll write as soon as I can; We won’t stay longer than two hours O k. Will/Would you help me to address these letters? I’ll do it, if you like O l. : If you will go out without your overcoat, what can you expect?; She would keep interrupting me. O m. I’m afraid you’ll need to fill in this form. I’ll have to ask you to wait a minute.
  • 4. EXERCISE : NOW COMPLETE YOUR CHART WITH THE SENTENCES
  • 5. MEANING EXAMPLE 1.Prediction in the present/ future 2.Logical necessity 3.Conditional sentences: - universal truth 4. Present habits 5. Criticizing typical behavior 6. Past habits and actions 7. Willingness 8. insistence
  • 6. NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS EXAMPLE MEANING 1.Prediction in a the present/ future 2.Logical b necessity 3.Conditional C,d sentences: - universal truth 4. Present E habits 5. Criticizing f typical behavior 6. Past habits G, h, i and actions