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Direct Objects, Direct Object
Pronouns and The –ing Participle
             E. Siler
REVIEW: English Direct Objects
• Direct objects in English and Spanish are
  NOUN phrases.
• In both languages they occur with transitive
  verbs, but not with intransitive verbs.
Examples
• It’s important to remember that NOUN
  phrases can get quite long.
• They can involve a noun, a bunch of
  adjectives, adverbs and even clauses that
  modify the noun.
• The cat ate the mouse.
• The cat ate the disgusting mouse.
• The cat ate the revoltingly disgusting mouse
  that had snuck into our kitchen.
Direct Object Pronouns
• Direct objects can be or can be replaced with
  direct object pronouns.
• He doesn’t like me.
• He doesn’t like you.
• He doesn’t like the woman who is sitting in
  the window seat. > her.
ENGLISH Direct Object Pronoun Chart

Person        Singular       Plural
First         Me             us
Second        You            You
Third         Him/ her/ it   Them
Reflexive Pronouns in English
• Reflexives are another type of direct object
  pronoun.
• We use them only to reflect back to the
  subject of the verb.
     Person       Singular              Plural
     First        Myself                ourselves
     Second       Yourself              yourselves
     Third        Himself/herself/its   themselves
                  elf
Use
•   I wanted to kill myself.
•   He killed himself.
•   She killed herself.
•   They killed themselves.
•   You should kill yourselves!
Spanish Direct Objects
• The ideal situation in Spanish is that the direct
  object is a noun phrase that comes directly
  after the verb.
• Unfortunately, such is not always the case.
Human Direct Objects
• In Spanish, if a direct object is a human being,
  the Spanish generally stick a little “a” in
  between the verb and the direct object.
Examples
• Ex: La madre alimentaba a su hija.
• The mother was feeding her daughter.
• This is not done with non-human direct
  objects.
• Ex: La mujer alimentaba su perro.
• The woman was feeding her dog.
THE REASON FOR THIS
• If the subject can pretty much move around
  the sentence with impunity, then imagine how
  hard it would be to figure out who did/does
  what to whom if there were no markers to
  show which noun phrase is the subject and
  which the direct object.
Contrast
•   Which two sentences mean the same thing?
•   Ayudó el hombre a la mujer.
•   Ayudó la mujer al hombre.
•   Ayudó a la mujer el hombre.
Spanish Direct Object Pronouns
• This is the list of direct object pronouns:


      PERSON        SINGULAR       PLURAL
      First         Me             nos
      Second        Te / lo - la   Los/las
      Third         Lo – la        Los/ las
Placement
• Direct object pronouns go before the first verb
  in a verb phrase. OR
• If the verb phrase has a non-finite verb
  (usually an infinitive) at the end, the direct
  object pronoun can be stuck onto the end.
Examples
• El gato quiere comer el ratón.
• El gato lo quiere comer.
• El gato quiere comerlo.
Se as a direct object
• Se can also sometimes be a pure reflexive
  pronoun, the equivalent of himself, herself,
  themselves, and even “yourself” and
  “yourselves” (when it refers back to “usted”
  and “ustedes”)
Examples
• Note the use of “sí mismo” in this construction to clarify
  exactly who the “se” refers to.
• El hombre se mató a sí mismo. (The man killed himself).
• La mujer se mató a sí misma. (The woman killed herself).
• Los hombres se mataron a sí mismos (The men killed
  themselves).
• Las mujeres se mataron a sí mismas (The women killed
  themselves).
• Ustedes se deben matar a sí mismos (You all should kill
  yourselves).
• Usted se debe matar a sí mismo (You should kill youself).
SE so far
• Thus, “se” can do these three things:
• Make a verb in the third person passive.
• Se terminó el trabajo. (The work was finished.)
• Indicate some intransitive verbs.
• Se murió el hombre. (The man died.)
• Indicate what we traditionally think of as
  reflexives.
• El hombre se mató. (The man killed himself.)
One More Verb Structure
• Although Spanish doesn’t have a gerund
  form, it does have an –ing participle
  form, often called the present participle.
-ing Participles in English
• In English, this structure is found in sentences
  such as:
• Walking down the street, I saw you.
• He continued onwards, walking slowly.
The –ING Participle in Spanish
• In Spanish, this structure is formed by
  changing the verb according to the infinitive
  class.
• The –ar verbs, drop “ar” and add “ando.”
• Caminando por la calle, yo te vi. . . (Walking
  along the street, I saw you).
-ER/IR Participles
• The –er and –ir verbs, drop the “er” or “ir”
  and add “iendo.”
• Comiendo con sus amigos, el hombre la vio.
  (Eating with his friends, the man saw her.)
• If there is a “three vowel stack up” in the
  participle, the form will be –yendo.
• Creyendo en el dios, el hombre rezó la
  oración. (Believing in God, the man said the
  prayer.)
Uses of the -Ing Participle
• The –ing participle in Spanish is used in much
  the same way as in English --- to indicate one
  of two actions done by the subject at the
  same time.
• Caminando por la calle, yo te vi. (I was doing
  two things: walking and seeing you).
Other Uses
• The –ing participle can also be used after
  other verbs to create verb phrases.
• One common one is “seguir + ing participle”
  which means “to keep on doing something.”
• Ex: Yo sigo explicando la gramatica pero
  nadie me entiende. (I keep on explaining
  grammar but nobody understands me!).
Another Verb Phrase w/Participle
• Another is “ir + ing participle” which means
  “to do something steadily.” Ellos fueron
  preparando las lecciones (They steadily went
  on preparing the lessons).
Direct Object Pronouns and Participles
• In Spanish a direct object pronoun can be
  attached to the end of the present participle.
• Yo fui haciéndolo. (I went on doing it
  steadily).

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Spanish 600 l7

  • 1. Direct Objects, Direct Object Pronouns and The –ing Participle E. Siler
  • 2. REVIEW: English Direct Objects • Direct objects in English and Spanish are NOUN phrases. • In both languages they occur with transitive verbs, but not with intransitive verbs.
  • 3. Examples • It’s important to remember that NOUN phrases can get quite long. • They can involve a noun, a bunch of adjectives, adverbs and even clauses that modify the noun. • The cat ate the mouse. • The cat ate the disgusting mouse. • The cat ate the revoltingly disgusting mouse that had snuck into our kitchen.
  • 4. Direct Object Pronouns • Direct objects can be or can be replaced with direct object pronouns. • He doesn’t like me. • He doesn’t like you. • He doesn’t like the woman who is sitting in the window seat. > her.
  • 5. ENGLISH Direct Object Pronoun Chart Person Singular Plural First Me us Second You You Third Him/ her/ it Them
  • 6. Reflexive Pronouns in English • Reflexives are another type of direct object pronoun. • We use them only to reflect back to the subject of the verb. Person Singular Plural First Myself ourselves Second Yourself yourselves Third Himself/herself/its themselves elf
  • 7. Use • I wanted to kill myself. • He killed himself. • She killed herself. • They killed themselves. • You should kill yourselves!
  • 8. Spanish Direct Objects • The ideal situation in Spanish is that the direct object is a noun phrase that comes directly after the verb. • Unfortunately, such is not always the case.
  • 9. Human Direct Objects • In Spanish, if a direct object is a human being, the Spanish generally stick a little “a” in between the verb and the direct object.
  • 10. Examples • Ex: La madre alimentaba a su hija. • The mother was feeding her daughter. • This is not done with non-human direct objects. • Ex: La mujer alimentaba su perro. • The woman was feeding her dog.
  • 11. THE REASON FOR THIS • If the subject can pretty much move around the sentence with impunity, then imagine how hard it would be to figure out who did/does what to whom if there were no markers to show which noun phrase is the subject and which the direct object.
  • 12. Contrast • Which two sentences mean the same thing? • Ayudó el hombre a la mujer. • Ayudó la mujer al hombre. • Ayudó a la mujer el hombre.
  • 13. Spanish Direct Object Pronouns • This is the list of direct object pronouns: PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL First Me nos Second Te / lo - la Los/las Third Lo – la Los/ las
  • 14. Placement • Direct object pronouns go before the first verb in a verb phrase. OR • If the verb phrase has a non-finite verb (usually an infinitive) at the end, the direct object pronoun can be stuck onto the end.
  • 15. Examples • El gato quiere comer el ratón. • El gato lo quiere comer. • El gato quiere comerlo.
  • 16. Se as a direct object • Se can also sometimes be a pure reflexive pronoun, the equivalent of himself, herself, themselves, and even “yourself” and “yourselves” (when it refers back to “usted” and “ustedes”)
  • 17. Examples • Note the use of “sí mismo” in this construction to clarify exactly who the “se” refers to. • El hombre se mató a sí mismo. (The man killed himself). • La mujer se mató a sí misma. (The woman killed herself). • Los hombres se mataron a sí mismos (The men killed themselves). • Las mujeres se mataron a sí mismas (The women killed themselves). • Ustedes se deben matar a sí mismos (You all should kill yourselves). • Usted se debe matar a sí mismo (You should kill youself).
  • 18. SE so far • Thus, “se” can do these three things: • Make a verb in the third person passive. • Se terminó el trabajo. (The work was finished.) • Indicate some intransitive verbs. • Se murió el hombre. (The man died.) • Indicate what we traditionally think of as reflexives. • El hombre se mató. (The man killed himself.)
  • 19. One More Verb Structure • Although Spanish doesn’t have a gerund form, it does have an –ing participle form, often called the present participle.
  • 20. -ing Participles in English • In English, this structure is found in sentences such as: • Walking down the street, I saw you. • He continued onwards, walking slowly.
  • 21. The –ING Participle in Spanish • In Spanish, this structure is formed by changing the verb according to the infinitive class. • The –ar verbs, drop “ar” and add “ando.” • Caminando por la calle, yo te vi. . . (Walking along the street, I saw you).
  • 22. -ER/IR Participles • The –er and –ir verbs, drop the “er” or “ir” and add “iendo.” • Comiendo con sus amigos, el hombre la vio. (Eating with his friends, the man saw her.) • If there is a “three vowel stack up” in the participle, the form will be –yendo. • Creyendo en el dios, el hombre rezó la oración. (Believing in God, the man said the prayer.)
  • 23. Uses of the -Ing Participle • The –ing participle in Spanish is used in much the same way as in English --- to indicate one of two actions done by the subject at the same time. • Caminando por la calle, yo te vi. (I was doing two things: walking and seeing you).
  • 24. Other Uses • The –ing participle can also be used after other verbs to create verb phrases. • One common one is “seguir + ing participle” which means “to keep on doing something.” • Ex: Yo sigo explicando la gramatica pero nadie me entiende. (I keep on explaining grammar but nobody understands me!).
  • 25. Another Verb Phrase w/Participle • Another is “ir + ing participle” which means “to do something steadily.” Ellos fueron preparando las lecciones (They steadily went on preparing the lessons).
  • 26. Direct Object Pronouns and Participles • In Spanish a direct object pronoun can be attached to the end of the present participle. • Yo fui haciéndolo. (I went on doing it steadily).