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                            Background, Pattern and Policy of China for
                                  Developing Circular Economy
                                                             Zhu Dajian

              Research Institute of Governance for Sustainable Development under Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China



Abstract: Circular economy has become one of China’s im-              mental pollution. Circular economy was proposed against
portant strategies to realize scientific development and build        this situation and regarded as an important approach for
ecological civilization at present. As in China circular economy      China to change its development pattern and realize ‘decou-
was put forward as a new economic pattern, the international          pling’ development in the future (Zhu, 1998; Zhu, 2000). I
community generally holds that this is an innovative move             think China’s environment and development by 2020 can
for China’s economy to realize leap-forward development               be roughly divided into the following three patterns, with
and hopes to learn more about the theory, policy and practice         Pattern C being what China needs to strive to realize by de-
relating to China’s circular economy. This article introduces         veloping circular economy and suitable for China’s current
and comments on the necessity to develop circular economy             development level (Zhu, 2007).
in China, implications and characteristics of China’s circular
economy, and China’s main practices and policies to promote it        1.1  Pattern A
at present.
                                                                          Pattern A is the strong materialized pattern of high re-
Key words: circular economy, China, Pattern C                         source consumption and high environmental pollution. The
                                                                      so-called Pattern A adopts the view of American scholar
1	 Why does China need to develop circular econ-                      Lester R. Brown in his book Plan B: Rescuing a Planet un-
omy vigorously?                                                       der Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (Brown, 2003). The
                                                                      strong materialized pattern is expressed as simultaneous de-
   The period from 2000 to 2020 is a development stage in             velopment of economy and environmental pressure. While
which China will strive to build an overall well-off society          GDP grows, environmental pressure also grows, which is
and realize modernization first in the developed eastern              the traditional economic growth pattern. China’s econom-
region. China’s economic growth goal by 2020 is to qua-               ic development basically followed Pattern A in the past.
druple per-capita GDP over 2000, achieving US $3000,                  For example, it is said when China’s per capita GDP was
four times more than that in 2000. According to China’s               US $400–1000 (i.e. in the light industry stage), its pollut-
9–10% economic growth rate over many years, such a goal               ant discharge level was already equal to that reached by
is attainable. The problem now is that China’s economic               developed countries when their per capita GDP was US
growth over the past 30 years was achieved at the cost of             $3000–10 000 (in the high processing industry stage).
consuming large quantities of resources and discharging               It is to break away from such a resource-consuming and
large amounts of pollutants. For example, data show that              environment-destroying development road that we pay
China’s total GDP accounted for about 5.5% of the world’s             attention to circular economy today. When participating
total in 2006, but standard coal, steel and cement that China         in researches for the state’s medium and long-term sci-
consumed for this accounted for 15, 30 and 54% of the                 tech strategic plans, the author estimated with relevant
world’s totals, respectively. If this trend continues in China’s      experts: if China continues the current resource-utilizing
future economic growth, the prospect would be ‘worsening’             method and pollutant-producing level, the influence of
instead of getting better.                                            the economic and social development on environment
   Hence the solution to this problem is to decouple the              will probably be four to five times of that at present in
economic growth from resource consumption and environ-                the future when population continues to grow and econo-

Corresponding author: Zhu Dajian (dajianzhu@263,net)




                                                                     Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
ARTICLES




my quadruples by 2020. Apparently, this pattern not only                        tion and pollutant production will be stabilized after being
means serious social instability and serious resource and                       decelerated. Such development should be acceptable for
environment problems, but economic development itself                           both China and the world. For one thing, it accords with the
will also not be sustainable.                                                   requirements of sustainability; for another, it accords with
                                                                                the requirements of ecological equity because it creates saf-
1.2  Pattern B                                                                  er living environment for the world while providing rea-
    Pattern B is the dematerialized pattern which requires                      sonable room for 1.3–1.5 billion Chinese people to im-
absolute decoupling of economy from environment. Pattern                        prove life. China will probably implement a more than
B is opposite to Pattern A and Lester R. Brown advocates                        four times greener development strategy after 2020,
it in his book as the future development pattern. Its target                    i.e. the total economic quantity will continue to dou-
is that environmental pressure does not grow or even grow                       ble but resource consumption and pollutant production
negatively when economy continues to grow positively,                           will be halved to realize the above-mentioned decoupling
i.e. realizing absolute decoupling of the two. In the long                      of China’s economic development from environmental
run, such a target is a must for both developed countries                       pressure. However, as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and
and developing countries and it is the highest connota-                         other developed coastal areas in the southeast lead other
tion of ecological modernization or sustainable develop-                        areas in development levels in China, a much dematerial-
ment. However, can this development target be used right                        ized strategy should be implemented for them firstly so
away in China’s development in the next 15 years? The                           that modernization with a win-win meaning in both econ-
author’s answer is negative. The author also estimated                          omy and environment can be basically realized by 2020.
roughly that resource productivity must be increased by
four or five times if environmental pressure is not to be                       2  Connotations and main characteristics of
increased apparently when China’s economy grows by                              China’s circular economy
four times by 2020 and resource productivity must be
increased by eight to ten times if environmental pres-                             Although the proposal of the idea of circular econ-
sure is to be alleviated apparently (by half). This target                      omy in China (Zhu, 1998) was inspired in time by the
is certainly encouraging, but, judging from China’s cur-                        Recycling Economic Law on Waste promulgated by
rent technical ability and management level, it is very                         Germany in 1996 (Japan proposed the idea of the re-
difficult to realize this high dematerialized pattern. If we                    cycling society in 2000 after China proposed the idea
have to do it, it means that China’s economic target must                       of circular economy), the contents of China’s idea
be adjusted. Obviously this will affect Chinese people’s liv-                   of circular economy include many theoretical study
ing standard and quality from the other aspect.                                 achievements made in the world in the fields of ecolog-
                                                                                ical economics and industrial ecology, etc. (Daly, 2001;
1.3  Pattern C
                                                                                Tao, 2003), since the 1990s. Therefore China’s idea of
   Pattern C is the pattern for increasing resource pro-                        circular economy has its own characteristics. The au-
ductivity which is fit for China’s current stage. China                         thor believes at least the following characteristics are
cannot continue to follow traditional Pattern A, because                        worth emphasizing. First, China’s circular economy is
of the shortage of natural resources and restriction of                         an idea about the economic pattern in respect of nature
environmental pressure; restricted by its current develop-                      rather than an idea about environmental management
ment stage, it cannot adopt Pattern B for the high develop-                     in some other countries, because China hopes to re-
ment stage immediately either. Hence the author proposes                        duce resource consumption and pollutant production
a development pattern fit for China’s development stage in                      at sources and in the whole process by changing the
the next 15 years, which is shortened to Pattern C (China).                     economic pattern. It also hopes to achieve win-win in
In Pattern C, China’s economy will keep growing according                       both economy and environment by circular economy
to the established targets and growth of resource consump-                      instead of ‘economy without recycle’ or ‘recycle with-




   Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
ARTICLES




out economy’; therefore the department proposed for              be established in the treatment link in cities and regions
planning circular economy as a whole in China is the             as by turning traditional landfill sites into composite
State Development and Reform Commission which has                waste-recycling parks with the vein industry as the main
a comprehensive nature instead of environmental man-             content.
agement departments in some other countries. Second,
China’s circular economy not only aims at garbage                2.2  Reuse of products
economy or 3R economy for treating solid waste in                   It mainly refers to using products for as many times
respect of objects but at all scarce resources involved          and in as many ways as possible instead of using them
in China’s economic development, including water,                once in the past so as to extend their useful life. As
land, energy, materials and corresponding waste; to              shown in the following map, products are put into main-
a certain extent, it is of more urgent significance for          tenance centers or reclamation centers after use, but
China to develop circular economy which deals with               products do not need to be put into the reclamation cen-
consumption of water, land, energy and other resources           ters if they can be reused after simple maintenance. Only
and control of related pollutants. Third, China’s circular       if products are damaged seriously and cannot be restored
economy comprises different space levels in respect              and reused after simple maintenance they will be put
of scale and includes circular economy of individual             into the reclamation centers and then returned to product
enterprises, industrial parks and regions, etc. Fourth,          manufacturers, parts manufacturers or raw material sup-
China’s circular economy stresses progressively in-              pliers for corresponding resource recycle according to
creased practice forms on the following three levels in          their damages. The ultimate aim of recycle of products
respect of pattern and emphasizes the need to develop            is to realize minimum discharge of waste or even zero
from low-level recycle of waste based on ecological ef-          discharge of waste (so-called zero waste) filled in land in
ficiency (to reduce consumption and pollution) to high-          the end.
level recycle of products and services based on ecologi-
cal effects (to prevent consumption and pollution).

2.1  Recycle of waste                                                                                    Raw
                                                                                                         material
    It mainly refers to reclamation of waste from production                         Part                suppliers
                                                                                     manufacturers
and consumption by technical and management means and
                                                                                                                               Recycle of resources
is the concrete embodiment of the principle of recycle of re-                                                                  Recycle of parts
sources in the 3R principle in circular economy and also an             Product
                                                                        manufacturers
important content of circular economy in Germany and                                                                 Remanufacture
                                                                                                                     Reuse of parts
Japan. This practice reduces effectively the final quan-
tity of waste to be treated and is a remarkable progress                                             Reuse of whole
                                                                      Product                        products
in comparison to the traditional treatment at terminals.              dealers
Recycle of waste is applicable to three scales, i.e. enter-
                                                                                         Product
prises, parks and regions. Specifically, a closed-loop pro-                              maintenance
duction process should be built in individual enterprises
                                                                           Users
to reduce production and discharge of waste in individual
enterprises as much as possible. Next, different factories
should be linked to form industrial symbiotic combina-                                  maintenance
tions to share resources and exchange by-products by                                    centers
                                                                                                           Redamation
building Eco-industrial Parks so that the principle of cir-                                                Centers

cular economy can be implemented in a larger scope. Fi-
nally, the centralized resource-recycling industry should        Fig. 1  China’s circular economy stresses multi-cycles of materials




                                                                Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
ARTICLES




2.3  Cycle of services                                                          Qi, 2004; Wang, 2004; Wu, 2005). Apart from theoretical
                                                                                studies and practical promotion, the Chinese government
   It mainly refers to enterprises dealing in and managing                      mainly took systematic actions in the following four as-
products manufactured by them as assets, promoting the                          pects in this stage.
concept of developing from ‘selling products to provid-
ing services’ and realizing recycle of assets by establishing                   3.1  Drafting an economic law on China’s circular econ-
a product service system (shortened to PPS). Its basic                          omy
premise is ‘the value of products lies in the benefit and
utility they bring for consumers’, i.e. the real value of                           Under the support of the NPC of China and the State
products should be their ‘utilization value’ instead of their                   Development and Reform Commission, China is busy
‘exchange value’.                                                               designing an economic law on circular economy and the
   This is in fact the difference between the emphases of                       relevant draft may be passed officially at the NPC meet-
linear economy and circular economy. Exchange value is                          ing in February 2008. The draft of the economic law on
the central concept in linear economy while use value is the                    China’s circular economy emphasizes: first, China should
central concept in circular economy. There may be three                         stick to the principle of giving priority to quantity reduc-
kinds of economic types from products to service: pure                          tion in developing circular economy. Particula r attention
products, product services and pure services. Reasonable                        should be paid to quantity reduction because China is in
combination of products and services constitutes the so-                        the high-speed development stage of industrialization,
called product-service system and profits of enterprises,                       energy and material is consumed too much, waste of
satisfaction of consumers’ needs and lower social influ-                        resources is serious and the potential for quantity reduc-
ence on environment can be realized by it. For example,
                                                                                tion at front ends are great; second, key points should
consumers are no longer inclined to have their own
                                                                                be highlighted and special efforts should be made to put
washing machines or cars through recycle of assets but
                                                                                an end to high energy consumption, heavy pollution and
are inclined to use washhouses on streets and means of
                                                                                problems that affect the development of China’s circular
public transport.
                                                                                economy and hard restrictions should be available to
                                                                                control high consumption and high discharge; third, the
3  China’s systems and policies to develop circu-                               roles of the government, enterprises, public and industri-
lar economy                                                                     al associations should be highlighted in major economic
                                                                                processes, i.e. all links in production and consumption,
   The development of China’s circular economy has main-                        so as to constitute synergy for pushing forward the de-
ly undergone three stages since 1998. The first stage is the                    velopment of circular economy; fourth, basic systems
period from 1998 to 2000 in which relatively academic                           favorable for development of circular economy should
concept was introduced and theoretical studies were con-                        be established, including the system for planning circu-
ducted. Researchers and scholars in institutions of higher                      lar economy at the national, provincial, municipal and
learning and scientific research institutions played the                        county levels, the systems for controlling the total quan-
role of ideological enlighteners in this stage. The second                      tities of resource consumption and pollutant discharge,
stage is the period from 2001 to 2005 in which clean                            the system for extending mainly manufacturers’ product
production in enterprises and Eco-industrial Parks were                         responsibilities and the appraising and examination
emphasized in experimenting on circular economy. The                            system based on indexes of resource input, recycle
national environmental protection department played an                          and pollutant discharge. Although the drafting of the
important role in this stage (Xie, 2005). Circular econ-                        law on circular economy should solve the outstanding
omy was advocated as a national strategy in 2006 and                            problems in development of China’s circular economy
China entered the stage of promoting the development                            at present, the author thinks the nature of the law on
of circular economy systematically at all levels (Li and                        circular economy as a general guideline and its stra-




   Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
ARTICLES




tegic significance should be made clear in explaining        3.3  Making experiments on circular economy
the connotations and characteristics of China’s circu-
lar economy. It should also be stressed in particular           China adopts the method of experimenting in experi-
that this law is an economic law instead of an environ-      mental units and expanding gradually in development of
mental law, and its objects are mainly scarce resources      circular economy and expects to form circular economy
and pollutants, it covers all stages from exploitation,      of a certain scale by 2010. Hence the State Development
production, consumption to treatment of waste and its        and Reform Commission started to experiment on circu-
forms include recycle of waste, recycle of products          lar economy in the first group of experimental units in
and recycle of services.                                     2006 and these units are divided into four categories. The
                                                             first is represented by enterprises in high-consumption
3.2  Setting goals for development of circular economy       and high-discharge key industries; the second by Eco-
                                                             industrial Parks; the third by waste-recycling enterprises
    China’s Eleventh Five Year National Economic and
                                                             or the vein industry; the fourth by cities and regions with
Social Development Plan passed in 2006 set national
                                                             comprehensive nature, which include some resource-
goals with binding significance for development of
                                                             dependent cities in the central and western regions
China’s circular economy in the next five years in
                                                             and super-large cities with scarce resources. In the
light of China’s main problems in resource consump-
                                                             author ’s opinion, the focus of these experiments is
tion and pollutant discharge at that time. It requires
                                                             still mainly low-level recycle of waste with recycle of
energy consumption per unit GDP to be lowered by
                                                             resources in waste as the main contents and it is nec-
20%, the total discharge quantity of such main pol-
                                                             essary to further study and develop high-level recycle
lutants as chemical oxygen content and sulfur dioxide
                                                             of products and services with more quantity reduc-
to be lowered by 10% and the total area of farmland
                                                             tion nature because this is the fundamental reason for
not to be less than 1.8 billion mu (1 hectare is 15 mu).
                                                             China to develop circular economy. To our pleasure,
The so-called restrictive indexes are what the govern-
                                                             the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Saving
ment must realize and fulfill and they have legal force
                                                             and Reduction of Discharge worked out by the State
and should be put into the system of all regions and
departments for appraising economic and social devel-        Development and Reform Commission together with
opment comprehensively and examining performance.            other relevant departments has mentioned that China
This shows that the government has regarded realiza-         will experiment on circular economy in the second
tion of circular economy as a public affair which it         group of experimental units and recycle of waste and
must do. However, looking from a more systematic             old household electric appliances and remanufacture
angle, I think it’s not enough to just list a few control    of auto parts and machinery will be included so as to
indexes in the comprehensive economic and social             further develop the practice of circular economy.
development plan to develop circular economy. China
                                                             3.4  Making appraising indexes for circular economy
needs to make a more detailed and more scientific
plan for circular economy and dematerialization in              The State Development and Reform Commission, State
line with economic growth. Its contents should include       Environmental Protection Administration and National
indexes for controlling the total consumption of water,      Bureau of Statistics have compiled and published an index
land, energy and materials, as well as the total dis-        system for appraising circular economy in four aspects, i.e.
charge of main pollutants so as to adjust the economic       output of resources, consumption of resources, comprehen-
growth speed and scale in the future and realize transi-     sive utilization of resources and discharge of waste. Therein
tion from the development pattern of economic growth         the resource output index mainly refers to GDP produced by
advancing the scale of resource consumption to the           consumption of unrenewable resources (including coal, oil,
development pattern of the scale of resource consump-        iron ore, non-ferrous metal ore, rare earth ore, phosphorus
tion controlling economic growth.                            ore, sulphur ore, limestone and gravel, etc.); the resource




                                                            Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
ARTICLES




consumption index mainly describes resources consumed                               lization in Trouble. Beijing: Dong Fang Publishing House
by creating per unit products or per unit GDP and it reflects                   Daly H, 2001. Beyond growth: Economics of Sustainable Develop-
reduction of resource consumption, i.e. ‘quantity reduc-                            ment. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing Company
tion’, at sources; the comprehensive utilization of resources                   Li Z Q and Qi J G, 2004. Summary of theories and practices of circu-
index mainly reflects reclamation and utilization of solid                          lar economy. Quantitative Economics and Technological Econom-
waste, wastewater, urban household garbage and traditional                          ics Journal, (9): 145–154
waste and old materials and embodies the effect of recy-                        Tao Z P, 2003. Ecological Burden and Ecological Footprint: Weight
cling waste; the waste discharge (disposal) index mainly de-                        and Size of Sustainable Development. Beijing: Economic Science
scribes the final discharge (disposal) quantity of solid waste,                     Publishing Company
wastewater, SO2 and COD and reflects the finally reduced                        Wang C A, 2004. Comments on circular economy problems. Econom-
discharge (disposal) quantity of waste through development                          ic Theory and Economic Management, (12): 73–77
of circular economy. The author thinks study and imple-                         Wu Y P, 2005. Discussion on several theories of circular economy.
mentation of statistic indexes should be linked more closely                        China Development Observation, (6): 30–32
with the targets of circular economy as the fundamental aim                     Xie Z H, 2005. Book of Readings on Circular Economy for Leader-
of developing circular economy is to realize dematerialized                         ships. Beijing: Chinese Environmental Science Publishing Com-
economic development, i.e. reduced resource consumption                             pany
and pollutant discharge, and raise the ecological efficiency                    Zhu D J, 1998. Sustainable development calls for circular economy.
of economic growth.                                                                 Science and Technology Journal, (9): 39–42
                                                                                Zhu D J, 2000. From sustainable development to circular economy.

References                                                                          World Environment, (3): 6–12
                                                                                Zhu D J, 2007. China’s Circular Economy and Sustainable Develop-
Brown L R, 2003. Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civi-                 ment. Beijing: Science Press




   Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4

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Prof. Zhu Dajian, Background, Pattern and Policy of China for Developing Circular Economy

  • 1. ARTICLES Background, Pattern and Policy of China for Developing Circular Economy Zhu Dajian Research Institute of Governance for Sustainable Development under Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China Abstract: Circular economy has become one of China’s im- mental pollution. Circular economy was proposed against portant strategies to realize scientific development and build this situation and regarded as an important approach for ecological civilization at present. As in China circular economy China to change its development pattern and realize ‘decou- was put forward as a new economic pattern, the international pling’ development in the future (Zhu, 1998; Zhu, 2000). I community generally holds that this is an innovative move think China’s environment and development by 2020 can for China’s economy to realize leap-forward development be roughly divided into the following three patterns, with and hopes to learn more about the theory, policy and practice Pattern C being what China needs to strive to realize by de- relating to China’s circular economy. This article introduces veloping circular economy and suitable for China’s current and comments on the necessity to develop circular economy development level (Zhu, 2007). in China, implications and characteristics of China’s circular economy, and China’s main practices and policies to promote it 1.1  Pattern A at present. Pattern A is the strong materialized pattern of high re- Key words: circular economy, China, Pattern C source consumption and high environmental pollution. The so-called Pattern A adopts the view of American scholar 1 Why does China need to develop circular econ- Lester R. Brown in his book Plan B: Rescuing a Planet un- omy vigorously? der Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (Brown, 2003). The strong materialized pattern is expressed as simultaneous de- The period from 2000 to 2020 is a development stage in velopment of economy and environmental pressure. While which China will strive to build an overall well-off society GDP grows, environmental pressure also grows, which is and realize modernization first in the developed eastern the traditional economic growth pattern. China’s econom- region. China’s economic growth goal by 2020 is to qua- ic development basically followed Pattern A in the past. druple per-capita GDP over 2000, achieving US $3000, For example, it is said when China’s per capita GDP was four times more than that in 2000. According to China’s US $400–1000 (i.e. in the light industry stage), its pollut- 9–10% economic growth rate over many years, such a goal ant discharge level was already equal to that reached by is attainable. The problem now is that China’s economic developed countries when their per capita GDP was US growth over the past 30 years was achieved at the cost of $3000–10 000 (in the high processing industry stage). consuming large quantities of resources and discharging It is to break away from such a resource-consuming and large amounts of pollutants. For example, data show that environment-destroying development road that we pay China’s total GDP accounted for about 5.5% of the world’s attention to circular economy today. When participating total in 2006, but standard coal, steel and cement that China in researches for the state’s medium and long-term sci- consumed for this accounted for 15, 30 and 54% of the tech strategic plans, the author estimated with relevant world’s totals, respectively. If this trend continues in China’s experts: if China continues the current resource-utilizing future economic growth, the prospect would be ‘worsening’ method and pollutant-producing level, the influence of instead of getting better. the economic and social development on environment Hence the solution to this problem is to decouple the will probably be four to five times of that at present in economic growth from resource consumption and environ- the future when population continues to grow and econo- Corresponding author: Zhu Dajian (dajianzhu@263,net) Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
  • 2. ARTICLES my quadruples by 2020. Apparently, this pattern not only tion and pollutant production will be stabilized after being means serious social instability and serious resource and decelerated. Such development should be acceptable for environment problems, but economic development itself both China and the world. For one thing, it accords with the will also not be sustainable. requirements of sustainability; for another, it accords with the requirements of ecological equity because it creates saf- 1.2  Pattern B er living environment for the world while providing rea- Pattern B is the dematerialized pattern which requires sonable room for 1.3–1.5 billion Chinese people to im- absolute decoupling of economy from environment. Pattern prove life. China will probably implement a more than B is opposite to Pattern A and Lester R. Brown advocates four times greener development strategy after 2020, it in his book as the future development pattern. Its target i.e. the total economic quantity will continue to dou- is that environmental pressure does not grow or even grow ble but resource consumption and pollutant production negatively when economy continues to grow positively, will be halved to realize the above-mentioned decoupling i.e. realizing absolute decoupling of the two. In the long of China’s economic development from environmental run, such a target is a must for both developed countries pressure. However, as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and and developing countries and it is the highest connota- other developed coastal areas in the southeast lead other tion of ecological modernization or sustainable develop- areas in development levels in China, a much dematerial- ment. However, can this development target be used right ized strategy should be implemented for them firstly so away in China’s development in the next 15 years? The that modernization with a win-win meaning in both econ- author’s answer is negative. The author also estimated omy and environment can be basically realized by 2020. roughly that resource productivity must be increased by four or five times if environmental pressure is not to be 2  Connotations and main characteristics of increased apparently when China’s economy grows by China’s circular economy four times by 2020 and resource productivity must be increased by eight to ten times if environmental pres- Although the proposal of the idea of circular econ- sure is to be alleviated apparently (by half). This target omy in China (Zhu, 1998) was inspired in time by the is certainly encouraging, but, judging from China’s cur- Recycling Economic Law on Waste promulgated by rent technical ability and management level, it is very Germany in 1996 (Japan proposed the idea of the re- difficult to realize this high dematerialized pattern. If we cycling society in 2000 after China proposed the idea have to do it, it means that China’s economic target must of circular economy), the contents of China’s idea be adjusted. Obviously this will affect Chinese people’s liv- of circular economy include many theoretical study ing standard and quality from the other aspect. achievements made in the world in the fields of ecolog- ical economics and industrial ecology, etc. (Daly, 2001; 1.3  Pattern C Tao, 2003), since the 1990s. Therefore China’s idea of Pattern C is the pattern for increasing resource pro- circular economy has its own characteristics. The au- ductivity which is fit for China’s current stage. China thor believes at least the following characteristics are cannot continue to follow traditional Pattern A, because worth emphasizing. First, China’s circular economy is of the shortage of natural resources and restriction of an idea about the economic pattern in respect of nature environmental pressure; restricted by its current develop- rather than an idea about environmental management ment stage, it cannot adopt Pattern B for the high develop- in some other countries, because China hopes to re- ment stage immediately either. Hence the author proposes duce resource consumption and pollutant production a development pattern fit for China’s development stage in at sources and in the whole process by changing the the next 15 years, which is shortened to Pattern C (China). economic pattern. It also hopes to achieve win-win in In Pattern C, China’s economy will keep growing according both economy and environment by circular economy to the established targets and growth of resource consump- instead of ‘economy without recycle’ or ‘recycle with- Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
  • 3. ARTICLES out economy’; therefore the department proposed for be established in the treatment link in cities and regions planning circular economy as a whole in China is the as by turning traditional landfill sites into composite State Development and Reform Commission which has waste-recycling parks with the vein industry as the main a comprehensive nature instead of environmental man- content. agement departments in some other countries. Second, China’s circular economy not only aims at garbage 2.2  Reuse of products economy or 3R economy for treating solid waste in It mainly refers to using products for as many times respect of objects but at all scarce resources involved and in as many ways as possible instead of using them in China’s economic development, including water, once in the past so as to extend their useful life. As land, energy, materials and corresponding waste; to shown in the following map, products are put into main- a certain extent, it is of more urgent significance for tenance centers or reclamation centers after use, but China to develop circular economy which deals with products do not need to be put into the reclamation cen- consumption of water, land, energy and other resources ters if they can be reused after simple maintenance. Only and control of related pollutants. Third, China’s circular if products are damaged seriously and cannot be restored economy comprises different space levels in respect and reused after simple maintenance they will be put of scale and includes circular economy of individual into the reclamation centers and then returned to product enterprises, industrial parks and regions, etc. Fourth, manufacturers, parts manufacturers or raw material sup- China’s circular economy stresses progressively in- pliers for corresponding resource recycle according to creased practice forms on the following three levels in their damages. The ultimate aim of recycle of products respect of pattern and emphasizes the need to develop is to realize minimum discharge of waste or even zero from low-level recycle of waste based on ecological ef- discharge of waste (so-called zero waste) filled in land in ficiency (to reduce consumption and pollution) to high- the end. level recycle of products and services based on ecologi- cal effects (to prevent consumption and pollution). 2.1  Recycle of waste Raw material It mainly refers to reclamation of waste from production Part suppliers manufacturers and consumption by technical and management means and Recycle of resources is the concrete embodiment of the principle of recycle of re- Recycle of parts sources in the 3R principle in circular economy and also an Product manufacturers important content of circular economy in Germany and Remanufacture Reuse of parts Japan. This practice reduces effectively the final quan- tity of waste to be treated and is a remarkable progress Reuse of whole Product products in comparison to the traditional treatment at terminals. dealers Recycle of waste is applicable to three scales, i.e. enter- Product prises, parks and regions. Specifically, a closed-loop pro- maintenance duction process should be built in individual enterprises Users to reduce production and discharge of waste in individual enterprises as much as possible. Next, different factories should be linked to form industrial symbiotic combina- maintenance tions to share resources and exchange by-products by centers Redamation building Eco-industrial Parks so that the principle of cir- Centers cular economy can be implemented in a larger scope. Fi- nally, the centralized resource-recycling industry should Fig. 1  China’s circular economy stresses multi-cycles of materials Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
  • 4. ARTICLES 2.3  Cycle of services Qi, 2004; Wang, 2004; Wu, 2005). Apart from theoretical studies and practical promotion, the Chinese government It mainly refers to enterprises dealing in and managing mainly took systematic actions in the following four as- products manufactured by them as assets, promoting the pects in this stage. concept of developing from ‘selling products to provid- ing services’ and realizing recycle of assets by establishing 3.1  Drafting an economic law on China’s circular econ- a product service system (shortened to PPS). Its basic omy premise is ‘the value of products lies in the benefit and utility they bring for consumers’, i.e. the real value of Under the support of the NPC of China and the State products should be their ‘utilization value’ instead of their Development and Reform Commission, China is busy ‘exchange value’. designing an economic law on circular economy and the This is in fact the difference between the emphases of relevant draft may be passed officially at the NPC meet- linear economy and circular economy. Exchange value is ing in February 2008. The draft of the economic law on the central concept in linear economy while use value is the China’s circular economy emphasizes: first, China should central concept in circular economy. There may be three stick to the principle of giving priority to quantity reduc- kinds of economic types from products to service: pure tion in developing circular economy. Particula r attention products, product services and pure services. Reasonable should be paid to quantity reduction because China is in combination of products and services constitutes the so- the high-speed development stage of industrialization, called product-service system and profits of enterprises, energy and material is consumed too much, waste of satisfaction of consumers’ needs and lower social influ- resources is serious and the potential for quantity reduc- ence on environment can be realized by it. For example, tion at front ends are great; second, key points should consumers are no longer inclined to have their own be highlighted and special efforts should be made to put washing machines or cars through recycle of assets but an end to high energy consumption, heavy pollution and are inclined to use washhouses on streets and means of problems that affect the development of China’s circular public transport. economy and hard restrictions should be available to control high consumption and high discharge; third, the 3  China’s systems and policies to develop circu- roles of the government, enterprises, public and industri- lar economy al associations should be highlighted in major economic processes, i.e. all links in production and consumption, The development of China’s circular economy has main- so as to constitute synergy for pushing forward the de- ly undergone three stages since 1998. The first stage is the velopment of circular economy; fourth, basic systems period from 1998 to 2000 in which relatively academic favorable for development of circular economy should concept was introduced and theoretical studies were con- be established, including the system for planning circu- ducted. Researchers and scholars in institutions of higher lar economy at the national, provincial, municipal and learning and scientific research institutions played the county levels, the systems for controlling the total quan- role of ideological enlighteners in this stage. The second tities of resource consumption and pollutant discharge, stage is the period from 2001 to 2005 in which clean the system for extending mainly manufacturers’ product production in enterprises and Eco-industrial Parks were responsibilities and the appraising and examination emphasized in experimenting on circular economy. The system based on indexes of resource input, recycle national environmental protection department played an and pollutant discharge. Although the drafting of the important role in this stage (Xie, 2005). Circular econ- law on circular economy should solve the outstanding omy was advocated as a national strategy in 2006 and problems in development of China’s circular economy China entered the stage of promoting the development at present, the author thinks the nature of the law on of circular economy systematically at all levels (Li and circular economy as a general guideline and its stra- Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
  • 5. ARTICLES tegic significance should be made clear in explaining 3.3  Making experiments on circular economy the connotations and characteristics of China’s circu- lar economy. It should also be stressed in particular China adopts the method of experimenting in experi- that this law is an economic law instead of an environ- mental units and expanding gradually in development of mental law, and its objects are mainly scarce resources circular economy and expects to form circular economy and pollutants, it covers all stages from exploitation, of a certain scale by 2010. Hence the State Development production, consumption to treatment of waste and its and Reform Commission started to experiment on circu- forms include recycle of waste, recycle of products lar economy in the first group of experimental units in and recycle of services. 2006 and these units are divided into four categories. The first is represented by enterprises in high-consumption 3.2  Setting goals for development of circular economy and high-discharge key industries; the second by Eco- industrial Parks; the third by waste-recycling enterprises China’s Eleventh Five Year National Economic and or the vein industry; the fourth by cities and regions with Social Development Plan passed in 2006 set national comprehensive nature, which include some resource- goals with binding significance for development of dependent cities in the central and western regions China’s circular economy in the next five years in and super-large cities with scarce resources. In the light of China’s main problems in resource consump- author ’s opinion, the focus of these experiments is tion and pollutant discharge at that time. It requires still mainly low-level recycle of waste with recycle of energy consumption per unit GDP to be lowered by resources in waste as the main contents and it is nec- 20%, the total discharge quantity of such main pol- essary to further study and develop high-level recycle lutants as chemical oxygen content and sulfur dioxide of products and services with more quantity reduc- to be lowered by 10% and the total area of farmland tion nature because this is the fundamental reason for not to be less than 1.8 billion mu (1 hectare is 15 mu). China to develop circular economy. To our pleasure, The so-called restrictive indexes are what the govern- the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Saving ment must realize and fulfill and they have legal force and Reduction of Discharge worked out by the State and should be put into the system of all regions and departments for appraising economic and social devel- Development and Reform Commission together with opment comprehensively and examining performance. other relevant departments has mentioned that China This shows that the government has regarded realiza- will experiment on circular economy in the second tion of circular economy as a public affair which it group of experimental units and recycle of waste and must do. However, looking from a more systematic old household electric appliances and remanufacture angle, I think it’s not enough to just list a few control of auto parts and machinery will be included so as to indexes in the comprehensive economic and social further develop the practice of circular economy. development plan to develop circular economy. China 3.4  Making appraising indexes for circular economy needs to make a more detailed and more scientific plan for circular economy and dematerialization in The State Development and Reform Commission, State line with economic growth. Its contents should include Environmental Protection Administration and National indexes for controlling the total consumption of water, Bureau of Statistics have compiled and published an index land, energy and materials, as well as the total dis- system for appraising circular economy in four aspects, i.e. charge of main pollutants so as to adjust the economic output of resources, consumption of resources, comprehen- growth speed and scale in the future and realize transi- sive utilization of resources and discharge of waste. Therein tion from the development pattern of economic growth the resource output index mainly refers to GDP produced by advancing the scale of resource consumption to the consumption of unrenewable resources (including coal, oil, development pattern of the scale of resource consump- iron ore, non-ferrous metal ore, rare earth ore, phosphorus tion controlling economic growth. ore, sulphur ore, limestone and gravel, etc.); the resource Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4
  • 6. ARTICLES consumption index mainly describes resources consumed lization in Trouble. Beijing: Dong Fang Publishing House by creating per unit products or per unit GDP and it reflects Daly H, 2001. Beyond growth: Economics of Sustainable Develop- reduction of resource consumption, i.e. ‘quantity reduc- ment. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing Company tion’, at sources; the comprehensive utilization of resources Li Z Q and Qi J G, 2004. Summary of theories and practices of circu- index mainly reflects reclamation and utilization of solid lar economy. Quantitative Economics and Technological Econom- waste, wastewater, urban household garbage and traditional ics Journal, (9): 145–154 waste and old materials and embodies the effect of recy- Tao Z P, 2003. Ecological Burden and Ecological Footprint: Weight cling waste; the waste discharge (disposal) index mainly de- and Size of Sustainable Development. Beijing: Economic Science scribes the final discharge (disposal) quantity of solid waste, Publishing Company wastewater, SO2 and COD and reflects the finally reduced Wang C A, 2004. Comments on circular economy problems. Econom- discharge (disposal) quantity of waste through development ic Theory and Economic Management, (12): 73–77 of circular economy. The author thinks study and imple- Wu Y P, 2005. Discussion on several theories of circular economy. mentation of statistic indexes should be linked more closely China Development Observation, (6): 30–32 with the targets of circular economy as the fundamental aim Xie Z H, 2005. Book of Readings on Circular Economy for Leader- of developing circular economy is to realize dematerialized ships. Beijing: Chinese Environmental Science Publishing Com- economic development, i.e. reduced resource consumption pany and pollutant discharge, and raise the ecological efficiency Zhu D J, 1998. Sustainable development calls for circular economy. of economic growth. Science and Technology Journal, (9): 39–42 Zhu D J, 2000. From sustainable development to circular economy. References World Environment, (3): 6–12 Zhu D J, 2007. China’s Circular Economy and Sustainable Develop- Brown L R, 2003. Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civi- ment. Beijing: Science Press Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2008 Vol. 6 No.4