The document summarizes the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant in Western Australia. Some key details: - The plant has a capacity of 144 megalitres per day and cost $317 million. It uses seawater reverse osmosis technology and has a specific energy consumption of 3.59 kWh/cubic meter. - The plant sources seawater through an intake system and screens before dual media filtration, cartridge filters and a two-pass RO system. Energy recovery devices are used. - Extensive monitoring shows the brine outlet has negligible environmental impacts due to validated diffuser design and suspended solids treatment. The plant helps drought-proof the city.

1. Chemical Panel Engineers Australia WA Division & The Institution of Chemical Engineers (WA) Gary J. Crisp Global Business Leader – Desalination: GHD BSc. Civil Engineering, C Eng., MICE, CP Eng., FIE Aust., PMP Auditorium, Engineers Australia 712 Murray Street, West Perth, WA Monday, 14 March 2011 Desalination Sustainably Drought Proofing Australia

2. It’s not about water. It’s about energy!

3. “ Energy is eternal delight!” Energy is liberation. William Blake, author, poet, visionary, 1757 – 1827

4. Energy Use Across the Water Cycle (1kWh/m 3 = 3.79 kWh/kgal - 4 kWh/m 3 = 15.14 kWh/kgal) California State Water Project = 2.5 kWh/m 3 = 9.50 kWh/kgal Gold Coast Desalination Plant = 3.23 kWh/m 3 = 12.24 kWh/kgal SOURCE TRANSPORT WTP DISTRIBUTION WWTP COLLECTION USE DISPOSAL/ RECYCLE

6. Desalination – Where Are We Today? 14,754 Desalination Plants Worldwide – 16,700 MGD Source : IDA Desalination Yearbook 2009-2010

7. Source: WDR, July 2010 Projected New Desalination Capacity in 2010 6.8 GL/day Actual New Capacity in 2009 3.9 GL/day

9. Membrane Separation - Filtration Spectrum Courtesy of Osmonics

10. Reverse Osmosis Water Molecules Protozoa Bacteria Virus Organics Inorganics An RO Membrane is like a Microscopic Strainer that allows Water Molecules to pass through

11. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)

12. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) 0.77 bar per 1000 mg/L

14. 0.2 µm 40 µm 120 µm Polyamide Polysulfone Ultra thin Barrier Layer Microporous Polysulfone Substrate Reinforcing Polyester Fabric Cross-Section TFC

15. Membrane arrangement Membrane element Feed spacer Permeate spacer Membrane leaf

16. Reverse Osmosis Spiral Wound Membrane

17. The Desalination Process

22. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant 6.5 ha 3 ha

24. Seawater Intake Pre-treatment SWRO & BWRO Remineralisation/Storage Potable water pump station Residuals Treatment Brine discharge HV substation Admin/Lab Chemical Storage Aerial View of Desalination Plant Raw Seawater screen and pump station Brine discharge Courtesy of Water Corporation

25. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Seawater Intake System – Inlet Structure Courtesy of the Water Corporation

26. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Courtesy of the Water Corporation Seawater Intake System – Inlet Structure

27. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Courtesy of the Water Corporation Courtesy of the Water Corporation Seawater Intake System – Pipes and Works

28. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Onshore Active Screening – Band Screen Courtesy of the Water Corporation

29. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Seawater Intake and Outlet Works Courtesy of the Water Corporation

30. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Single Stage Dual Media Pressure Filtration and Cartridge Filters

31. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Each Pump Equivalent to 15 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each.* *Red Book (Australia) specifications High Pressure Pumps 2.6 MW Each (6 in total) Courtesy of the Water Corporation

32. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant PRETREATED WATER PRODUCTION HP Pump Energy Recovery System (12 x 16 in Parallel) REJECT (Common By-pass) 2 nd Stage 1 st Stage 1 ST PASS FEEDING (recycling) First Pass Second Pass MDJV in Alliance with Water Corporation Reverse Osmosis Process Flow – Operating Principals & Arrangement

33. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Circulation Pumps 134 kW each (12 in total) Courtesy of the Water Corporation Each Pump Equivalent to 1 Toyota RAV 4 5st 4dr Man 4x4 2.0i 0.132 MW @ 5200rpm each.* *Red Book (Australia) specifications

34. Perth Seawater Desalination Project (PSDP) First Pass Reverse Osmosis Racks

35. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant RO Building Looking South – 2 nd Pass RO Courtesy of the Water Corporation

36. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Each Rack Equivalent to 8 Ford Escape Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i 0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each.* *Red Book (Australia) specifications Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.2 MW each (12 in total) Courtesy of Water Corporation

37. Perth Seawater Desalination Project PX Process

38. Perth Seawater Desalination Project Beyond Tomorrow

39. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Potabilization System and Drinking Water Storage Tank Courtesy of Water Corporation

40. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Drinking Water Transfer Pump Station Courtesy of Water Corporation

41. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Concentrate Discharge Courtesy of Water Corporation

42. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Concentrate Discharge Courtesy of Water Corporation

43. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant

44. Perth Seawater Desalination Project Long Term Monitoring Macrobenthic To monitor the response of the sediment fauna over several years Benthic macrofauna pilot survey – complete Benthic macrofauna comprehensive baseline survey – commenced March 2006 Annual monitoring (for three years initially)

45. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant 50 m limit for mixing zone 30 m mixing zone – achieve 42 x dilution Outfall pipeline Brine Discharge System 20 diffuser ports at 5 m spacing 3 Ha

46. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Initial mixing zone = 100 metres 45x dilution farfield diffuser Courtesy of Water Corporation Seawater Concentrate - Salinity water surface

47. Perth Seawater Desalination Project Baseline DO

48. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Real Time Monitoring Courtesy of Water Corporation

49. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant These tests proved the Mathematical / Computer Model analyses. Note the marine growth on the diffuser ports. Rhodamine Dye Test Courtesy of Water Corporation

50. Under the Surface Courtesy of the Water Corporation

51. Sustainable Power - Wind Energy for PSDP Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tonnes per annum) Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility – 100 Miles North of Perth Water Corporation is purchasing 68 percent of the energy output 0 85,000 231,000 24 MW (21.1 MW average - 185 GW hrs/annum) Renewable or Sequestration Gas Grid Option Energy

52. Courtesy of the Water Corporation Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility – at Badgingarra 200 north of Perth Water Corporation is purchasing 66 percent of the energy output 24 MW (185 GW hrs/annum) Opened on 12 November 2006 Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Sustainable Power - Wind Energy

54. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Courtesy of the Water Corporation

55. The Big Six – No. 1 Perth Seawater Desalination Plant – Demonstration Plant

56. Perth Seawater Desalination Project Plant Load Requirements Single Source 132 kV supply from Western Power 417 V Yes Minor Drives Only Post Treatment Switchboard 416 V Yes 560 4 Drinking Water Pumps Drinking Water Switchboard 415 V Yes 110 12 RO Pass 1 HP Booster Pumps RO Auxiliary Switch Board 690 V Yes 630 6 RO Pass 2 HP pumps RO Pass 2 Switchboard 11 kV No 2,500 6 RO Pass 1 HP pumps Main Switchboard 690 V Yes 560 6 Seawater Intake Pumps Seawater Intake Switchboard (kW) Voltage Selected Variable Speed Requirement Drive Size Number Drives Serviced Application

57. Perth Seawater Desalination Project Specific Energy Consumption of Components and Total *approx 7 miles of conveyance to Perth Integrated Water Supply System (IWSS) 3.60 3.48 0.21* 0.19 516,487 7,988* 501,271 7,228 144 kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh kWh kWh kWh ML Total Plant Desal Plant Only Potable Water Pumping Intake Pumping Excluding Pre-Treatment Total Plant Potable Pumping Desal Plant Plus Pre-Treatment Only Intake Pumping Total Potable Water Production Perth Seawater Desalination Plant - Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) for Components of Plant

62. REVERSE OSMOSIS RESIDUALS REMINERALISATION OUTFALL PRETEATMENT INTAKE

63. Seawater Intake & screen Pre-treatment SWRO & BWRO Remineralisation/Storage Potable water pump station Residuals Treatment Brine discharge shaft HV substation Admin/Lab Chemical Storage Aerial View of Desalination Plant

64. Twin 2.5 OD intake/outfall tunnels 2.2 km & 2.0 km sized for 340 MLD 125 MLD Plant ave. 94% availability 133 MLD peak daily production 26 km 1.1 m distribution main 30 ML reservoir & pump station

65. Marine Tunnels

71. 2.11 m 6.32 m Seawater Intake - Coarse Screen

73. Pretreatment

77. 4 x High Pressure Pumps 4.8 MW Each (Each equivalent to 28 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications) Desalination Plant Feed – 1 st Pass

79. Energy Recovery Device - 1 st Pass Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.6 MW Each (9 racks in total) (Equivalent to 11 Mazda Tribute Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i 0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each - Red Book Specifications) Re-circulation Pumps 180 kW Each Equivalent to 11 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)

80. RO Building Pressure Vessel Racks - 1 st Pass

84. Diffuser 6.0 yd 6.5 yd 1200mm PE

86. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2

87. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2

88. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 35 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2

89. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2 My Office for 2 years

90. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)

91. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2 Minimal Drum Screen Screenings (note the “Wheelie Bin”) Drum Screen 1/8 inch (3mm) mesh American Translation “Trash Can”

92. Courtesy of WaterSecure Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2 3 duty 1 standby High Pressure Pumps (4.8 MW each)

93. Gold Coast Desalination Plant Specific Energy Consumption of Components and Total *approx 26 km of conveyance to system with high static head 3.54 3.05 0.35* 0.15 489,256 47,725* 463,590 20,941 36,137 kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh kWh kWh kWh kgal Total Plant Desal Plant Only Potable Water Pumping Intake Pumping Including Pre-Treatment Total Plant Potable Pumping Desal Plant Plus Pre-Treatment Only Intake Pumping Total Potable Water Production Gold Coast Desalination Plant - Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) for Components of Plant

94. Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD) The Big Six – No. 2 Why So Expensive? Wonthaggi Desalination Plant – Electricians $220,000/year Connecting System (IWSS): $198 million Total Capital Cost: $943 million Total Operating Cost: $32 million/year Unit Cost: $2.38/kL

96. The Big Six – No. 3 Courtesy of Sydney Water Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd (250 MLD) – Expandable to 132 mgd (500 MLD)

98. Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II – 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each) The Big Six – No. 4 Courtesy of SA Water

100. Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 150 MLD (40 mgd) Expandable to 300 MLD (80 mgd) The Big Six – No. 5 Courtesy of Water Corporation

102. The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd (450 MLD) then 160 mgd (600 MLD) The Big Six – No. 6 Courtesy of Victorian Government

107. Year 2005-2010 The Five Lowest-Cost SWRO Projects Worldwide SWRO Plant Cost of Water (US$/kL) Power Use of RO System (kWh/kL) & TDS (ppt) Sorek, Israel – 409 MLD (startup – 2014) 0.53 2.59 (40 ppt) Mactaa, Algeria – 719 MLD (startup – 2013) 0.56 2.56 (39 ppt) Tuas, Singapore – 136 MLD (startup – 2007) 0.57 3.04 (34 ppt) Tenes, Algeria – 200 MLD (startup – 2011) 0.59 2.85 (38 ppt) Hadera, Israel – 329 MLD (startup – 2010) 0.60 2.67 (40 ppt)

109. Reducing Power Use for SWRO Separation - Still a Hair Rising Challenge? Lowest Theoretical Energy Use = 0.75 kWh/kL (100 % Recovery) Lowest Theoretical Energy Use @ 50 % Recovery = 1.09kWh/kL ADC - Lowest Energy Use @ 42 % Recovery & 10.2 LMH = 1.59 kWh/kL ADC – “Most Affordable Point” 48 % Recovery & 15.3 LMH = 2.01 kWh/kL Low Bracket of Energy Use for Large SWRO Projects (45-50 % Recovery & 14.3 to 16.3 LMH ) = 2.51 to 2.74 kWh/kL Note: All Energy Use Values for Seawater @ TDS = 35 ppt & 25ºC

110. SWRO Power Consumption (July 1, 2001)

111. 50 MGD SWRO Plant – Key Energy Uses Intake – 5 % (0.19 kWh/kL) Product Water Delivery 6 % RO System – 71 % Pretreatment – 11 % (0.40 kWh/kL) (2.54 kWh/kL) (0.20 kWh/kL) Other Facilities 7 % (0.24 kWh/kL) Total Energy Use 3.57 kWh/kgal

114. 2.6 MGD Power Seraja SWRO Plant, Singapore – 16-inch Elements

115. Large RO Elements – Key Manufacturers/Models Source: IDA Journal, Vol. 2, 2010

117. Second (Brackish RO) Pass Concentrate – Second Pass Permeate Conventional RO System Configuration (Perth Seawater Desalination Plant – Perth I) HP Pump Booster Pump Concentrate – First Pass to ERD First (SWRO) Pass Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov Feed Seawater

118. First (SWRO) Pass Smaller Second (Brackish RO) Pass Permeate Smaller Booster Pump Split “Regulated” First Pass RO System Configuration (Gold Coast Desalination Plant) 20% to 40% of Total Permeate Concentrate – Second Pass HP Pump Concentrate – First Pass to ERD Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov Feed Seawater

119. First (SWRO) Pass Smaller Second (Brackish RO) Pass Permeate Smaller Booster Pump Split “Regulated” First Pass RO System Configuration (Adelaide Desalination Plant) 20% to 40% of Total Permeate Concentrate – Second Pass HP Pump Plug Concentrate – First Pass to ERD Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov Feed Seawater

121. Second (Brackish RO) Pass Concentrate – Second Pass Permeate HP Pump Lower Feed Pressure Booster Pump Concentrate to ERD Low Productivity/ High Rejection High Productivity/ Low Rejection Internally-Staged Design (ISD) Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov Feed Seawater

122. First SWRO Pass Smallest Second (Brackish RO) Pass Permeate Smallest Booster Pump ISD + Split “Regulated” RO System Configuration Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 20% to 40% of Total Permeate Concentrate to ERD Concentrate – Second Pass HP Pump Lowest Feed Pressure Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov Feed Seawater

123. 3-Center Design – Pump, Energy Recovery & RO Membrane Centers Courtesy: IDE Highly Efficient Energy Use 2.5 to 2.6 kWh/kgal Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov

126. Energy Recovery Systems are Getting Bigger & More Efficient!

127. Pressure Exchangers Allow the Use of Larger Pumps/RO Trains Pelton Wheel Pressure Exchanger Provides 40 - 42 % of the Energy Provides 2 % of the Energy Provides 44-46 % of the Energy

134. CALDER – DWEER PRESSURE EXCHANGER CALDER - PELTON WHEEL IMPULSE TURBINE KSB – SALTEC PRESSURE EXCHANGER ERI - PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER PEI – TURBO BOOSTER AXIAL PISTON PRESSURE EXCHANGER PUMP Energy Recovery Devices The Sustainability of SWRO

135. IDE – IRIS PRESSURE EXCHANGER ROVEX PRESSURE EXCHANGER DYPREX PRESSURE EXCHANGER ERI – TITAN PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER FEDCO HYDRAULIC PRESSURE BOOSTER Energy Recovery Devices The Sustainability of SWRO

136. AQUALING – ORIGINAL RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER AQUALING – NEW RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER Energy Recovery Devices The Sustainability of SWRO

137. Biofouling – Still the Key “Energy Chellenge” of SWRO Desalination

140. “ The Best” of Seawater Desalination Present Status & Future Forecasts Parameter Today Within 5 Years Within 20 Years Cost of Water (2010 US$/kgal) US$2.0-3.0 US$1.5-2.5 US$1.0-1.5 Construction Cost (Million US$/kL/day) 1200-2150 1060-1720 530-930 Power Use of SWRO System (kWh/kL) 2.5-2.8 2.1-2.6 1.3-1.7 Membrane Productivity (gallons/day/membrane) 24-47 34-57 95-151 Membrane Useful Life (years) 5-7 7-10 10-15 Plant Recovery Ratio (%) 45-50 50-55 55-65

141. Selected Tariffs City Combined Tariff Average Domestic use (L/head/day) Adelaide $3.60/m 3 605 Brisbane $4.85/m 3 605 Chicago $0.99/m 3 616 Copenhagen $8.00/m 3 114 Los Angeles $2.49/m 3 606 Melbourne $4.36/m 3 606 San Diego $4.93/m 3 616 Sydney $5.03/m 3 606 Costs in US$ per cubic metre of water = Water + Wastewater fixed costs + Water Variable costs Wastewater variable costs Total Sales Tax Summary of key data from the 2010 GWI Global Water Tariff Survey

142. The Sustainability of SWRO

143. The Sustainability of SWRO In 1896 the worlds largest desalination plant was built in Western Australia at Coolgardie Mammoth Water Condenser, Coolgardie Water Distillery, 132,000 gpd The ultimate in un-sustainability

144. It’s not about water. It’s about energy!

145. Theoretical minimum SEC for seawater @ 35000 mg/L TDS is 2.83 kWh/kgal (0.748 kWhr /m 3 ) To convey 1 kgal of untreated water horizontally over 260 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3) The Sustainability of SWRO Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC) Gold Coast Desalination Plant produces high quality water locally at 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)

146. Responding to the Clear Trend of Global Warming! The total Energy Needed to Operate All California Desalination Projects (1514 MLD) Will Result in 0.03 – 0.04 % Increase in the Current California Water Sector Energy Demand.

147. The Sustainability of SWRO Process Electrical Thermal Total (kWh/m 3 ) (kWh/m 3 ) (kWh/m 3 ) MSF 3.2 – 3.7 9.8 – 6.8 13.0 – 10.5 MED 2.5 - 2.9 6.6 - 4.5 9.0 – 7.4 METC 2.0 - 2.5 12.0 - 6.5 14.0 - 9.0 MVC 8.0 - 17.0 N/A N/A SWRO 3.3 - 8.5 N/A 3.3 - 8.5 BWRO 1.0 - 2.5 N/A 1.0 - 2.5 Waste Water Reuse 1.0 - 2.5 N/A 1.0 - 2.5 Conventional 0.2 – 1.0 N/A 0.2 – 1.0 Water piped > 250 Miles 3.3 N/A 3.3 Specific Energy Consumption for Different Water Sources

148. Unit Costs of Carbon Footprint Reduction Alternatives CF Reduction Alternative Unit Cost of Carbon Footprint Reduction (US$/tons CO2 reduced) 1. Collocation & Energy Efficient Technology US$20/ton CO2 2. CO2 Use for Water Production US$70/ton CO2 3. Purchase of Carbon Credits US$100/ton CO2 4. Re-forestation US$200/ton CO2 5. CO2 Sequestration in Coastal Wetlands US$400/ton CO2 6. Solar Panels US$1,900/ton CO2 7. Green Building Design US$3,400/ton CO2

149. $0.62 $1.07 $1.16 $5.10 0.5 1.0 <3.5 and reducing to 3.3 by 2010 12.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Current metro bulk water South West Yarragadee Seawater Desalination Kimberley Pipeline Unit cost ($/m 3 ) Power (kWh/m 3 ) To convey 1 kL over 370 miles uses 3.3 kWh/m 3 Water Source Comparison (including another unsustainable concept) The Sustainability of SWRO

150. Energy Comparison The Sustainability of SWRO Old Fridge Energy Requirement = 1300 kWh/Year Efficient Desalination Plant (SEC) Specific Energy Consumption = 15.52 kWhr/kgal (4.1 kWh/m 3 )Total Equivalent Annual Water Production = 84000 gallons /year (317 m 3 /year) Garage Fridge = A single total domestic water use per year inside and outside Reverse Cycle Air 8 kW @ 4 h/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 5760 kW/h (Water for 4.5 homes)

151. Energy Comparison – The MacMansion The Sustainability of SWRO Temperature under black roof 61 ° C. Radiated heat 26 ° C inside house Temperature under reflective roof 31 ° C. Radiated Heat 39 ° C inside house.

152. Energy Comparison – The MacMansion The Sustainability of SWRO If you look at all the energy requirements of new homes (City Beach 8858 kW/hr per year average per home) you would not believe there is a greenhouse gas emission issue. Some Big Mac’s (supersized) have up to 15 kW air conditioning systems. To add insult to injury, the latest fashion is a black roof with no eaves – additional air conditioning required (high calories – just like the Big Mac supersized). Reverse Cycle Air 15 kW @ 4 hr/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 10800 kW/h (SWRO water for 8.5 homes I did not see one black roof on the Canary Islands (and I do not think it was just because the islanders have aesthetic appreciation).

153. Energy Comparison – The MacMansion The Sustainability of SWRO The West Australian Tuesday March 8 2007 Record heat ruins fruit, drains power Western Power claimed it coped with the increased demand despite using temporary generators as power consumption hit a peak of 3574MW at 4.55 pm, beating Tuesday’s high of 3533 MW. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant uses 0.67% of this energy, whilst Perth was using over 30% of the energy for air-conditioning. Note the new umbilical cords to ensure that the black roof keeps the Big Mac cool inside

155. = + + + + + The Sustainability of SWRO Energy Comparisons

156. or, how many PSDP’s? The Sustainability of SWRO Energy Comparisons = + +

157. and the answer is! Taking Off Power = 77 MW Cruising Power = 65 MW Full Power of One Engine = 26 MW Full Power Requirement PSDP = 24 MW The Sustainability of SWRO Energy Comparisons Water for 405,000 homes (Aus) 300,000 homes (USA) or a total 116,000 passengers transported in one year assuming Jumbo is always full, and Jumbo’s cannot use renewable energy. + + = One Jumbo Jet

159. = + + + + + The Sustainability of SWRO Energy Comparisons

160. or, how many PSDP’s? The Sustainability of SWRO Energy Comparisons = + + +

162. Surface Water Source – Serpentine Dam Courtesy of the Water Corporation Not So Sustainable

164. Where Future Cost Savings Will Come From?

166. Nano-Structured SWRO Membranes

167. Potential to Reduce 60 to 80 % of Energy Costs & 15 to 25 % of Cost of Water Source: OASYS

168. Harnessing Osmotic Power Source: Statkraft

169. Osmotic Power – A Competitive Energy Source Source: Statkraft

170. Desalination Energy Use Factors

175. “ I have said that I thought if we could ever competitively get fresh water from saltwater…that it would be in the long range interests of humanity which would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.” John F. Kennedy, September 22, 1961  “ If we could produce clean unlimited energy at a viable cost, that would indeed be a great service to humanity and would dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.” Gary J. Crisp, 2006

176. Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2007 ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 2007 Courtesy of ERI Courtesy of Water Corporation

177. Gold Coast Desalination Plant Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2009 Courtesy of WaterSecure

178. International Desalination Association Awarded 2011 World Congress - to Perth Western Australia See You There!

179. Questions? Thank you.

180. Pseudo Greenies and Nimby’s