2.  What is a lexical change?
 Another type of language that involves
modifications to the words

3.  Lexical copying
• Clipping or compression
• Word mixes or blends
• Reconstruction of available linguistic
features in creating new words

4.  Cultural practice
• Changes in society
• Influence of other cultures influence

5.  Core Vocabulary
 Cultural Vocabulary

6. •Core vocabulary is basically vocabulary that we
can expect to find in all human languages
• Cultural vocabulary refers to meanings that are
cultural specific or which people learn through
the experience of their own culture

7.  There are some other terminology which is culture
specific and thank you is one good example of such
an expression
 In other example, in very few Australian Aboriginal
languages have separate words for numbers above
two or three
 Anything more than three is simply expressed by
the word for many or an awkward compound of the
existing numbers could be used

8. In the Bandjalang language of northern New
South Wales in Australia
One /Jabur/
Two /Bula:bu/
Seven /Bula:bu-Bula:bu-
Bula:bu-jabur/

9.  No culture is constant an often cultural
changes are brought about as the result of
contact with culturally or technologically
different people
 As European technology and beliefs have
spread into the Pacific, many words of English
origin have been copied in the languages of
this region

10. English Origin Pacific region
Bottle /botolo/ (Papua New
Guinea)
Cigarette /hikareti/ (Maori)
Car /Motuka/ (Tongans)
Paper /ve:va/ (Vanuatu)
Thank you /tagio/ (Paamese)

11.  It is not just English words that have been copied
into Pacific language; colonial powers have been
introducing cultural changes to this part of the
world for the last century and half
 For example: French contribute to word /lalena/
‘queen’ into the languages of wallis and Futuna
(from la reine) and Germans have contributed words
like /beten/ ‘pray’ into some of the languages of
Papua New Guinea

12. 1. Lexical copying
 Reshaping word (eliminating or inserting)
English Bahasa Indonesia
Lamp Lampu
Glass Gelas
Book Buku
 It reshapes words to fit its phonological
structure; non occurring phonemes may be
replaced with phonemes that are present in the
system of the language

13.  Doublets
 pairs of words in which one is directly inherited,
while the other is a later copy from a related language
 Compression (or clipping)
 process of dropping off one or more syllables from
the end or middle of a word, for example:
Original Clipped
administration admin
university Univ, varsity
Shepparton Shepp
Wangaratta Wang

14.  Creating new words (from original linguistic
resources) to fill lexical gap
Original words New Compound
Fijian /waga/ /vuka/ /waga-vuka/
‘canoe’ ‘fly’ ‘aeroplane’
Paamese /out ten/ /aman/ /out ten aman/
‘place’ ‘birds’ ‘place of birds’

15. Expression of new meaning?
To express technological and cultural change
To demonstrate level of education (i)
To be much more of the modern world than their
grandparents (ii)

16. (i)
Coup de grâce (French) ----- ‘final blow’ (English)
(ii)
Paamese Language
English Paamese
/bu:s/ /leiai/
‘bush’
/ka:ren/ /a:h/
‘garden’

17. by taking an existing word and extend its area of reference to
express new meaning
English Paamese
Aeroplane /aman/
‘bird’
by generating new words and joining existing words together
in new compound
Original words New Compound
Fijian /waga/ /vuka/ /waga-vuka/
‘canoe’ ‘fly’ ‘aeroplane’
Paamese /out ten/ /aman/ /out ten aman/
‘place’ ‘birds’ ‘place of birds’ --airport