Apa advanced lr

1
APA Advanced:APA Advanced:
Preparing forPreparing for
FSEHS Final ReviewFSEHS Final Review
(Using APA 6th ed.)(Using APA 6th ed.)
APA Advanced: preparing for FSEHS Final Review (using APA 2007 Style Guide)

Hot off the press in 2009!
Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
6th ed.

http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc

Title:
Info on Applied Dissertation
Student’s Name
Institution
Year

Disable Auto-Formatting in Word
Before you type a word:
• Go to Format
• Lines and Page Breaks
• Uncheck first 4 boxes
It is OK to turn off
Widow/Orphan control.

Table of Contents
• Do NOT use a row of
periods in the TOC!
Need to use a “dot
leader”.
• How to Set Up Tabs
and Dots for TOC:
http://www.schoolofed
.nova.edu/arc/word/
tochowto.doc

Use ERIC Thesaurus to Identify
ERIC Descriptors for Abstract
Abstract

Free Version of ERIC Thesaurus

Pagination
• Use roman numerals in
first section for
Acknowledgments,
Abstract, and TOC – at
bottom in the middle of
the page

Pagination in Body of Paper
• Page numbers go in
upper right-hand
corner
• Use a section break to
divide the paper into
sections to change
from roman
numerals at bottom to
numbers in upper right

Pagination in Word 2007
• Page numbers go in
upper right-hand
corner
• Use a section break to
divide the paper into
sections to change
from roman
numerals at bottom to
numbers in upper right

Margins
12
• 1½ inch left
margin for
dissertation.
• For the final
dissertation
report, use a
ruler
Tip: Try setting
bottom margin
at 0.95 inches.
• Tables and
appendices MUST
have correct margins!
No running headers
See ARC document,
Tips for Correct Margins
http://www.schoolofed.nova.
edu/arc/word/margins.doc

Formatting rules for the paper – no bolding, no underlining, not bullets, APA headings
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
Major headings require specific formatting (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
Exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to be
72
Chapter 3
Methodology
• Bolding used
for headings &
mathematical
symbols but
not text.
• No underlining
• No
Introduction
section
Level 1
Level 3
APA Headings
Sample and Population.
Level 2

Headings --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62
Use Level 1 Headings
Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper and
Lower Case Side Heading
Level 3 is indented, bold, uses
lowercase, and ends with a period.

Don’t use Microsoft Word
headings
Ahah!
Do not use
Word’s
headings to
format the
different levels
of APA
headings.

Formatting definitions
Definition of Terms
For the purposes of this study,
the following terms are defined.
Information literacy. This phrase refers to a
set of standards approved by …
Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied
dissertation, outcome refers to ….
Assessment. This term refers to …
This is not
numbered so
do not use
a colon.
Note bolding and period after word or phrase being
defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete
sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.
Italicized -- APA, p. 91
Level 2
Level 3

Formatting research questionsMethod
The methodology of this applied dissertation
followed the following three steps:
1. The sample and participants were
identified. ….
2. Assessment measures were selected….
3. Implementation took place over a period
of one school year….
Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line
wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64
Numbered list for conclusions,
steps in a process, chronology,
or priority.
The arabic
numerals
followed by
a period.
Paragraph Seriation

The ACRL Information Literacy
Comprehensive Standards address the ability
of students (a) to determine the nature and
extent of the information need, (b) to access
information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
to evaluate information critically.
Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in
parentheses. Do not italicize.
A colon is not
used when the
list is not
numbered
Seriation for items in a
sentence or paragraph
APA, p. 64Seriation in paragraph

The ACRL Information Literacy
Comprehensive Standards address the ability
of students (a) to determine the nature and
extent of the information need, (b) to access
information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
to evaluate information critically.
Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If
there are no internal commas, use commas. If
there are internal commas, use semicolons.
Seriation in paragraph

Appendices
• Must have correct margins and
all pages in appendices must be
numbered
• Each appendix must have an
individual cover page
• Do not include any appendices
that are not mentioned in the text
• Do not include IRB information
• If there is only one appendix,
just use Appendix,
not Appendix A

Slang vs
Key or Linguistic Term
• The students felt “slammed” by the email.
• The term school media specialist is defined
in this study to include only librarians with
MLS degrees and state certification.
• The letter b was used to …
Use quotation
marks for slang,
coined, or ironic
terms. p. 91
Italicize linguistic
examples and
technical or key
terms. p. 91

Abbreviations and acronyms
Abbreviations and
Acronyms:
Use
sparingly
Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text)
Use Latin Use English
(e.g., ) for example,
(i.e., ) that is,
(, etc. ) , and so forth
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Nova Southeastern University (NSU)
• Spell out first time
• Must abbreviate thereafter
APA, pp. 106-111

Statistical Abbreviations and
Symbols
• Use standard typeface for Greek letters,
subscripts, superscripts, and abbreviations
that function as identifiers, not variables.
sin, log, β
• Symbols for vectors and matrices are
bolded.
V, ∑
APA manual, p. 118

Statistical Abbreviations and
Symbols
• Italicize letters used as statistical symbols:
f – frequency
Mdn – median
n – number in a subsample
N – number in a sample
p – probability
P – percentage, percentile
t – computed value for t test
APA manual, pp. 119-121

• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:
343 students in 26 classes
• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:
A total of six experiments went awry.
Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes
The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work.
3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m.
• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money
April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5
• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the
sentence.
Two hours is more than enough time.
Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
Table 5
Session 3
Grade 7
• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartiles
Twenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.
Numbers, cont.
More exceptions:

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)

• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …

but
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th
grade)

but
grade)
Twelfth grade presents….

but
grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• The first-grade students …
(hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91)
but
The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)

1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
or
2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.
or
2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.
1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
√
√
√

Compound Adjectives
• Role playing
• High anxiety
• Seventh grade
• Role-playing technique
• High-anxiety situations
• Seventh-grade students
but
• Type II error
• Post hoc comparisons
• randomly assigned
participants
APA manual, pp. 98 - 100

Commas
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
Use commas:
APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89

Commas
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
Use commas:
APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
Use commas:
APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
Use commas:
But:
• Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate
Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Rules for Capitalizing Titles
• Article title:
– In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of
Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate
techniques.
– In reference citation:
Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city
students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.
• Book title:
– In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a
modern classic.
– In reference citation:
Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
New
York: Dell.
APA manual, p. 101
Capitalize all words
of four letters or
more as well as
verbs in text but not
reference list.
Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text
title but not in reference list.

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso
University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
Proper names

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
but
• an education department
• a doctoral orientation
• an educational assessment course
APA manual, p. 102
Trade names

Other Proper Names
• In the third week, the class will be…
but
• In Week 3, the class will be …
• In the second chapter, read the section …
but
• In Chapter 2, read the section on ….

The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class
assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized
the essential content of the paper.
In midsentence
Block quote
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to
use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a shot [sic] title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)
Formatting for Direct Quotes:
Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class
assignments” (p. 34).
At end of a sentence
Use a colon if there
is a complete
introductory phrase.
quotes

Citing direct quotes
See APA manual, pp. 92, 171-173.
When Citing Direct Quotes
“… victims of emotional abuse” (O’Higgins,
2004, p. 237) .
Vest (2008) reported that "empirical research
verified compliance" (p. 48).
in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, 2001, p. 346).

Text Cites of Electronic Resources
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes
(2005) found that the results should be “based on
assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed
and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).
“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango
were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,
Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative
Resarch,” para. 5).
See APA (6th ed.), p. 172
Use name of section.
Use shortened title in quotation marks.

Paraphrasing
• To avoid plagiarizing, express other
people’s ideas, theories, and research in
your own words.
• You still must give credit to the author(s) by
citing the source using author-date of
publication method.
• Self-plagiarism.

Paraphrasing
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).
When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of
2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education
reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
(Smith, 2004).
Direct quote
Paraphrased
More than 50% reworded
APA manual, p. 349

46% of Paper Plagiarized Found Using
Turnitin
• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s
transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance
tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness,
and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase
in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So
far,
transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day
Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost
one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,
Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school
(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006).
The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are
attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with
teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation,
and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier,
2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the
social organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of
transition (Akos, 2004).
Words in red
were taken
verbatim from a
second source.
The original idea was
from Lan & Lanthier,
but the source of this
“paraphrase” was not
cited.
Only a few
words were
paraphrased.
Words in blue
were taken
verbatim from
one source.
(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).

Basic Citation StylesCitations in text:
Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated
Quinlan et al. (2008) observed
(et al. is used after first use when there are
three or more authors)
Parenthetical citations in text:
(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008)
(Quinlan et al., 2008)
One work by six or more authors:
Wienhorst et al. (2009)
(Wienhorst et al., 2009)
See APA manual, p. 177
Always use et al. for
six or more authors.

Groups as Authors
First citation in text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
Subsequent citations in text:
APA (2009) observed…
Parenthetical citations in text:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)
NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do
not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
See APA manual, pp. 106-107 for abbreviations, p. 177 for group authors
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…

Groups as Authors
First citation in text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
Subsequent citations in text:
APA (2008) observed…
Parenthetical format, first and subsequent citations:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)
NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do
not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…

A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007)
found….
A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976;
Skinner, 1956) found....
Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002,
2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b)
See APA manual, pp. 176-178.
Citing Several Resources
Within Same Parentheses
Citing sevral resources

Secondary Sources
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as
cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
1993) …
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller,
M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud.
Psychological Review, 100(5), 589-608.
Text citation:
List the primary source in the reference list entry:

Formatting Reference List
Citations

Eight or More Authors in Reference List
Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R.
Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., …
Obata, H. (2007). The greening of
America. Journal of Environmental
Studies, 12(4), 43-47.
See APA manual, pp. 184, 198
When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’
names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s
name.
…

Spacing after Punctuation:
Use the find and replace feature
Students’ scores
improved. The study
demonstrated that …
Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting.
Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24.
Exception: Hyphenated initials
Smith, E.-R. (2009).

Magazines, Newsletters, and Newspapers:
Formatted Differently Than Journals
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10).
Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science,
20, 1113-1120.
The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4,
1-2.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
Newspaper

Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)

How to find a DOI for an article?
Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus
reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 49(3), 660-670.

Reference with a DOI
Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus
reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092
-4388(2006/048)

Article and Book with Assigned DOIs
Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience in supervisor performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449.
doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482
Schaeffer, A. (2009). Life in the fast lane.
doi:10.2312/ 2342113949
• No URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a
unique identifier of the content and a link to the content.
• No location or publisher is included for an electronic version
of a book.

When to Use Retrieval Statements:
• If there is no DOI, then ask:
• Was it obtained from an open access source or
can you provide URL?

Compare two formats
experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
43-49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
43-49.
43-49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au
/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
DOI available
Exact URL for open access journal
From a subscription database, no DOI (FSEHS recommendation)

In-Press Article and Advance Online Publication
Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”?
Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf
• Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance
online publication when it has not been formatted for final production.
• Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available
through a preprint archive .
• Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally
published. APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200
Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides “sound it out”?
Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave
.jnro.231623

Unpublished Dissertations
(Such as NSU MARPs and Practicums)
Batson-George, A. (2008). Evaluating the library training
programs for graduate psychology students (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University,
Fort Lauderdale, FL.
• Identify unpublished dissertation or theses in parentheses after
title.
APA (6th ed.) pp. 207-208

DAI – vol.#, issue #, p. #, etc
Dissertation from a Commercial Database:
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database
APA (6th ed.) p. 208
• If the dissertation is available through PD&T, give the accession
number in parentheses at the end of the reference.
• Use (UMI No. 9934633) Do not put a period after the number.

Published dissertation citation –
5th
ed.
Clarke, D. C. (2001). Differences in
student dropout rate, attendance rate,
and grade point average after the
implementation of the North Carolina
Dropout Prevention/Drivers License Law
(Doctoral dissertation). Available from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
database. (UMI No. 45689011)
• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses is a commercial
database so include (Doctoral dissertation) in parentheses
after the dissertation title.
• Use Available from since the name of the database is
provided where the document can be obtained.
• Use (UMI No. XXXXXXXX) instead of (AAT XXXXXXXX).
Dissertation Obtained from PD&T
APA manual, p. 208, # 40

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting
their emotions, most people flunk out. The
New York Times. Retrieved http://www
.nytimes.com/
No period
after Web
addresses.
Online Newspaper Citation:
“Give the URL of the home page when the online version of
the article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs”
(APA, 2009, p. 201) .
Break URLs after slash or before
period. (APA, p. 271)
Before most punctuation (APA p.
192)

Electronic-Only Book
Peltier-Davis, C., & Renwick, S. (Eds.) (2007).
Caribbean libraries in the 21st century
[Monograph]. Retrieved from
http://www .infotoday .com/1212.html
 Include http:// in the URL and remove hyperlink.
Do not use superscript for 21st
 Use [Monograph] to clarify the type of resource.
 Use “Retrieved from” instead of “Available from”
when the URL leads to information to the material
itself rather than on how to obtain the cited material.

Archival Documents
• Discontinued journals, monographs,
dissertations, or papers not formally
published.
• If you cannot easily located through
primary publishing channels, give the home
or entry page URL for online archives such
as ERIC and JSTOR.
APA (6th ed.), p. 192

Boone, Young, & Associates. (1984). Minority
enrollment in graduate and professional
schools: Recruitment, admissions, financial
assistance [Handbook]. Princeton, NJ: Educational
Testing Service. Retrieved from ERIC database.
(ED396652)
ERIC Citation

Data Sets
U.S. Department of Education, Institution of Education
Sciences, National Center for Educational Statistics.
(2008). Profiles of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary
institutions [Data file]. Retrieved from http://nces.ed
.gov/globallocator/col_info _popup.asp?ID=136215
• Italicize the title of a data set.
• In brackets immediately after the title, identify the type of
source – [Data file].

Software
NVivo 8, SPSS, Excel -- proper name of standard
software is only referenced in text.
APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
Tunon, J. (2007). Citation analyzer [Computer
software]. Nova Southeastern University,
Fort Lauderdale, FL.
• The name of the computer is not italicized.
• Put [Computer software] in brackets.
• If it is not published, then it needs to be cited in the reference list.

Measurement Instrument
APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Multifactor
Leadership Inventory. Published instrument.
Available from http://www.mindgarden.com/
Malkasian, C. (2007). Malkasian Information
Literacy Scale. Unpublished instrument.
Available from http://www.nova.edu/malkasian/
• Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages.
• Use Unpublished instrument.
Unpublished instrument
Published instrument

Ahah! What about using
citation software?
References
Citation format?

• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/
• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
EndNote X2

No Short Cut for Learning
the APA Rules

Still confused?
You can call your North Miami Beach Librarian at
(800) 541-6682 ext. 28423
or email lucio@nova.edu
Still confused?

Recommendation:
Hire an Editor for Final Review
dissertation

Considerations for Selecting an Editor:
• The university does not assume responsibility
for a student's contractual agreement with a
private editor or typist or for the quality of
the editor's or typist's work.
• Fully communicate with editor about the
services included, turn-around time, and
costs.
• Don’t send your only copy of manuscript to
the editor.

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