Ps slides wk 2

“I’ll pay
more for a
person’s
ability
to speak
and express
himself than
for any
other quality
he might
possess”
- Charles M. Schwab

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
•Achieves desired
goals
•Is “advantage” over
competition
•Shows confidence
•Shows conviction


Why Study Public Speaking?
Employment
Corporations want skilled speakers
•To adapt information
•To be organized
•To keep listeners interested


The Communication Process
Communication as Action
• Linear: one-way messages
• Source: encodes message
• Message: what is said & how it
is said
• Channel: how message is
transmitted
• Receiver: decodes message
• Noise: interferes with message


The Action Model of
Communication


Communication as Interaction
• As message is sent, feedback to sender is
provided by receiver
• Communication happens within a context or the
environment/situation in which speech occurs


Communication as Transaction

•Communication happens
simultaneously
•Sender also receives message
•Receiver also sends message


Improving Your Confidence
• Nervousness is normal
• Public speaking number one in highest
anxiety


Nervousness
• Audience cannot see nervousness
• Use anxiety to your advantage


Build Your Confidence
Before your speech
• Don’t procrastinate
• Know your audience
• Select an appropriate topic
• Prepare
• Be organized

• Be familiar with introduction and
conclusion
• Simulate actual speech conditions
• Breathe deeply
• Think and act calmly
• Picture positive outcomes
• Reassure yourself mentally


During the speech: After the speech:
• Focus on content, not • Reflect on positives
fears • Seek other speaking
• Look for supportive opportunities
audience members


Public Speaking Differs from
Conversation

Public Speaking
is Planned
• More formal
• More preparation
• Clearly defined roles

Public Speaking Differs from
Conversation
Public Speaking is Formal
•Less slang and casual language
•More physical distance between speaker and
audience
•More controlled gestures and movements


Select & Narrow Your Topic

• Who will be hearing your speech?
• What is the occasion (event)?
• What are your interests, talents &
experiences?


Determine Your Purpose

• General Purpose: overarching goal of your
speech
• To inform: teach, define or clarify
• To persuade: change or strengthen thoughts
or behaviors
• To entertain: amuse with stories, illustrations
and humor


Specific Purpose
• Exact response you want from audience
• Concise statement indicating what you want
the audience to
• Do
• Think
• Feel
• Remember


Develop Your Central Idea
• Overview of speech
• One-sentence summary of speech

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education,2009All rights reserved
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Inc.

An example:
• Topic: The South
Beach Diet.
• General Purpose: To inform.
• Specific Purpose: At the end of
my speech, the
audience will be able
to identify the three key
elements in the South
Beach diet.
• Central Idea: The South Beach
diet is based upon
reducing the
amount of© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright
carbohydrates
you eat, drinking more

Generate Main Ideas
• Identify how speech will logically divide
• How central idea logically divides will
determine main ideas
• Reasons why central idea is true can be
main ideas.
• Series of steps to illustrate central idea can
be main ideas


Gather Supporting Material

• Material that “backs up”
ideas
• Can be personal &
concrete
• Should appeal to
listeners
• Research your
supporting material
• Can be verbal, visual, or
both

Organize Your Speech
• Start with body
• Arrange ideas to make most sense
• Prepare introduction & conclusion AFTER
body
• Follow effective outlining techniques


Rehearse Your Speech
• Prepare early
• Practice out loud
• Observe your behaviors
• Make adjustments
• Rehearse in front of others


Deliver Your Speech
• Walk calmly
• Walk confidently
• Remember rehearsals
• Maintain eye contact
• Speak loudly
• Vary your pitch


Free speech
not only lives,
it rocks!

—OPRAH
WINFREY


Ethics

• Values, beliefs and moral
principles by which
we determine what
is right or wrong

• For public speaking,
responsibly balance
right to free speech
with needs of audience


Speaking Freely
• First Amendment guarantees free
speech.

• ACLU: helps protect free speech.

• Supreme Court: flag burning
protected
under free speech.

• Patriot Act sparks controversy
between
national2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright ©
security & free speech.

Speaking Ethically

Have a Clear, Responsible
Goal
• Give listeners choices
• Do not keep your
agenda hidden from
your listeners


Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning

• Do not make false claims
• Do not substitute emotions for
logic
• Keep quality of evidence high


Be Sensitive and Tolerant of
Differences

• Be willing to listen to opposing
sides (accommodation)

• This shows respect for others


Be Honest
• Offering false or misleading
information is unethical
• Give credit for ideas and
types of information that are
not your own


Do Not Plagiarize
• Plagiarizing: presenting
someone else’s ideas or
words as though they were
yours
• Plagiaphrasing: failure to give
credit for compelling phrases
taken from another source


Do Your Own Work
• Think of an original approach

• Avoid articles that can be
converted into speeches
• Edit your own work


Acknowledge Your Sources
• Direct quotes, no matter how
short
• Opinions or ideas of others, even
if paraphrased
• Statistics
• Non-original visual materials
(graphs, pictures & tables)
• Give oral and written citations


Becoming an
Audience-Centered Speaker
Gather information about your
audience

•Informally
• Demographics: information about
age, gender, sexual orientation,
education & religious views
•Formally
• Open-ended questions (unrestricted
answers)
• Closed-ended questions rights reserved
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All
(limited

Becoming an
Analyze information about
your audience
•Audience analysis: examining
information about listeners
•Ask
1. How are they similar?
2. How are they different?
3. How can I establish
common ground?


Becoming an

Adapting to your audience
• Ethically using audience
information, to adapt messages for
clarity and your objective
• Modifying messages for better
clarity
• Helps achieve ethical goal(s)


Analyzing your audience
before you speak
Demographic audience
analysis
Analyzing an audience by examining
demographic information to develop
clear and effective messages


Types of Demographics
•Age
•Gender
•Culture
•Sexual
Orientation
•Socioecono
mic status
•Race

Types of Demographics

•Group •Socioeconomic
Membership Status
Religious Income
Political Occupation
Work Education
Social
Service


Adapting to Diverse Listeners
• Look at differences
beyond cultural
• Focus on a target
audience
• Use variety of
supporting
materials
• Tell stories
• Balance logic with
emotions
•Show ideas visually
•Identify common values of audience

Psychological Audience
Analysis
•Attitudes: likes and/or dislikes
•Beliefs: perceptions of what is true or
false
•Values: enduring concept of good/bad,
right/wrong
•Audiences can be
• Interested or uninterested
• Favorable or unfavorable
• Voluntary or captive

Situational Audience Analysis

• Time (when, how long)
• Audience size
• Location (type of room,
arrangement of chairs)
• Occasion (event)


Adapting as you speak
Identify nonverbal cues from
•listeners
Eye-contact
•Facial expression
•Movement
•Nonverbal
responsiveness
•Verbal
responsiveness


Adapting as you speak
If audience If audience
If audience
seems seems to
seems
bored confused disagree
Tell a Use Provide more
story redundancy evidence
Consider Phrase Remind them
humor ideas of your
differently credibility
Increase Ask Give more
rate of audience to facts & fewer
speech summarize stories
Give Use a Give
personal visual aid information

Customizing Your Message To
Your Audience
•Refer to
• Names of listeners
• Place of speech
• Historical events
•Mention recent news related to topic
•Give positive references to groups or
organizations in audience
•Discuss topic’s relevance for listeners

Analyzing Your Audience After
You Speak
• Observe nonverbal responses
• Listen for verbal comments
• Survey audience
• Check for desired behavioral
responses
from audience


Ps slides wk 2

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Ps slides wk 2