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Growing Vegetables
  in New Mexico
Stephanie Walker
Extension Vegetable
Specialist
Benefits of a Vegetable
Garden
  Know where your
  food comes from, and
  what goes into it
  Produce as fresh as
  possible: more
  flavorful and nutritious
  Grow the varieties of
  vegetables you want
Farmers’ Markets History

  Ancient method used by farmers to sell
  produce directly to customers.
  Industrialization food production reduced
  popularity.
  Current resurgence as consumers seek
  fresh, locally grown produce.
Advantages

 Direct sales to customers / no
 middlemen.
 Opportunity for new growers.
 Direct interaction with customers.
Customer Loyalty is the
Goal
  Appropriate and consistent prices
  Stand is appealing and comfortable
  Consistent attendance at market
  Customer has pleasant experience
  Your customers will spread the word
  Consistently high quality
Appeal to all the Senses

  Sight
  Smell
  Taste
  Touch
  Sound
Harvest at the Right Time
              Know your
              vegetables
              -Premature harvest
              reduces amount of
              flavor compounds.

              -Late harvested may
              result in a fibrous,
              less tender, bland or
              bitter crop.
Plan Before You Plant

  How much space do you have?
  How do you plan to irrigate?
   Drip
   Flood
   Sprinkler
  Do any of your plants require trellising?
   Cucumbers, pole beans, tomatoes, etc.
  How much room per variety?
Prepare Soil
  Best soil is deep
  well drained, fertile
  soil that contains
  plenty of organic
  matter.
  Soil texture: Clay,
  sandy and loam
  Alkaline vs. acidic
  Manures, compost, fertilizers.
Plant Your Garden
 Direct seeding is the
 easiest way to plant
 your garden.
 Transplants are used
 to obtain earlier
 maturity, or if seed is
 expensive.
 -Harden outside, 1-2
 weeks, with partial
 shade.
Water Properly

  Water by:
    Hand, drip (most efficient),
    sprinkler, flood or furrow.
  After planting irrigate lightly
  every 2-3 days until germination.
  Once plants are established do not over
  or under water
    Root Rots vs. Blossom End Rot
Row Covers

 Hoop supported vs. floating
 Perforated polyethylene vs. spun bonded
 polyester or polypropylene
 Provides a 2 to 4oF temperature boost
 May provide protection from insects
Know Your Plants

  Plant size, spacing, time to harvest.
  Perennial vs. annual.
  Hybrid vs. open-pollinated seed.
  Determinant vs. indeterminant.
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea
var italica)
   Cole crop; cool season annual
   Grown for it’s edible, immature flower
   head
   Relatively tolerant to environmental
   stress
   Plant Apr 15 – Jun 1
   Direct seed or
   transplant
Broccoli Culture

  Temperatures below 40°F may cause
  chilling injury.
  Harvest when heads are firm and florets
  haven’t begun to open.
  Retain 2-4 inches of stem when cutting.
  Cut sprouting broccoli
  just below the floret to
  stimulate new shoots.
Broccoli Cultivars

  ‘Bonanza Hybrid’
  ‘Green Goliath’
  ‘Green Comet Hybrid’
  ‘Emperior’
  ‘Green Valient’
  ‘Premium Crop’
  ‘Hybrid Packman’
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Family Asteraceae
Herbaceous annual.
Cool season – temps
above 70° with long
days cause lettuce
to bolt.
High temperatures and
excess maturity cause bitterness.
Lettuce Culture

  Seeds germinate best
  at 65-70oF; >79oC inhibits.
  Seeds need light to germinate;
  seed shallow.
  Begin planting Apr 1; plant in succession
  for prolonged harvest.
  Four types: Crisp head, leaf, butterhead,
  and romaine (Cos).
Lettuce Cultivars

  Crisphead
  (var. capitata)
    Tight, heavy heads.
    Latest to mature.
    ‘Iceberg’
    ‘Great Lakes’
Lettuce Cultivars

  Butterhead (Bibb) (var. capitata)
   Small, loosely filled head with creamy
   interior.
   ‘Bibb’
   ‘Buttercrunch’
Lettuce Cultivars

  Looseleaf (var. crispa)
    Easiest to grow; earliest to mature.
    ‘Black Seeded Simpson’
    ‘Salad Bowl’
    ‘Ruby’
    ‘Prizehead’
    ‘Oak Leaf’
Lettuce Cultivars

  Romaine (Cos) (var. longifolia)
    Elongated heads
    Matures later than butterhead and leaf
    varieties
    Harvest heads when small
    to avoid bitterness.
    ‘Rosalita’
    ‘Valmaine Cos’
    ‘Paris Island Cos’
Tomatoes

 Most popular vegetable for home
 gardens.
 Family Solanaceae
 Direct seed or transplant May 1 – May 15
 Common disorders in NM: Curly top
 virus; blossom end rot
Tomato Culture
           Self fertile, wind-
           pollinated flowers.
           Temps < 50 will
           cause blossom
           abortion, poor
           fruit set & cat-
           facing.
           Excessive
           irrigation after
           maturity may
           cause splitting.
Tomato Cultivars

  Plum and Small Types (L. cerasiforme-
  cherry & pyriforme-pear)
    Smaller (½” dia.), sweeter tomatoes
    Produce about 100 fruit/plant
    ‘Sweet 100’
    ‘Yellow Pear’
    ‘Tiny Tim’
    ‘Red Cherry’
Tomato Cultivars

  Beefsteak
   Larger tomatoes, excellent for fresh
   uses.
   ‘Beefmaster’
   ‘Celebrity’
   ‘Better Boy’
   ‘Early Girl’
Tomato Cultivars

  Paste
    High ratio of solids. Excellent for
    sauces, processing.
    ‘Roma’
    ‘Viva Italia’
    ‘Amish Paste’
Tomato Cultivars

  Heirlooms
   Older, open pollinated varieties
   Brandywine
   Black Krim
   Hungarian Heart
Chile Peppers Capsicum
annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense
 Family Solanaceae
 Indeterminant or
 determinant.
 Planting Dates: May
 15 – Jun 15.
 Direct seed or
 transplant.
 Bell peppers
 genetically non-
 pungent.
Chile           Habanero : 300,000 SHU
                                                    Tabasco : 150,000 SHU




Heat         Thai : 95,000 SHU
                                          Serrano : 65,000 SHU

                   Cayenne : 50,000 SHU

                                                 New Mexican : 10,000
                                                 SHU

                      Bell Pepper
                      : 0 SHU




SHU = Scoville Heat Unit
Bell Pepper Cultivars

  ‘Bell Boy’
  ‘Gypsy Hybrid’
  ‘California Wonder’
Chile Cultivars
New Mexican-type
 ‘NuMex R Naky’ (mild)
 ‘New Mexico 6-4 (mild)
 ‘NuMex Big Jim’ (medium)
 ‘Sandia’ (hot)
 ‘Espanola Improved’
 (hot)
 ‘Barker’ (very hot)
Cucurbits

  Squash, pumpkins, gourds
  Cucumbers
  Melons

  Don’t transplant well. Direct seeding is
  preferred.
Cucurbit
Pollination
 Cucurbit flowers may be
 perfect (have male and
 female parts) or imperfect
 (have only one or the
 other).
 Male flowers produced
 early; female flowers later.
 Genetics, day length, and
 temperature determine
 what gender of flowers
 are produced
Melon      Cucumis melo & Citrullus
lanatus
 Family Cucurbitaceae
 Warm season,
 herbaceous annual.
 May be determinate
 or indeterminate.
 Melons can only cross-pollinate
 with members of the same
 species.
 Plants are monoecious & can be
 self or cross pollinated.
Melon Culture
   Planting Dates: May 1 –
   May 15
   Warm temps & sunny
   weather produces sweet
   fruit.
   Bees essential for good
   fruit set.
   Only allow 1-2 fruits to
   develop per plant.
Melon
Cultivars
 Melons (other)    Watermelon
  ‘Casaba,          ‘Black
  Golden Beauty’    Diamond’
  ‘Crenshaw,        ‘Crimson
  Early Hybrid’     Sweet’
  ‘Honey Dew,       ‘Bush Sugar
  Venus’            Baby’
                    ‘Moon & Stars’
Corn (Zea mays)

  Annual; member of grass family
  White corn lacks beta-carotene
  Plant sequentially every two weeks to
  prolong harvest (May 1 – Jul 15)
Corn Culture

  Soil temperature 50 – 55oF for optimum
  germination
  Optimum growth between 75 – 86oF
  Plant 1” deep in clay; 1.5” in loam, and 2”
  deep in sand
  Wind pollinated; poor pollination causes
  skips on cob.
  Harvest when silks are brown and dry,
  and kernels are in milk stage
Blue Corn

  Blue color from
  anthocyanin pigments
  Coarser, sweeter and
  nuttier taste than other
  flour-corn types
  Mostly open-pollinated varieties
  Pre-plant Phosphorus (80 lbs/ac)
  For organic production, apply manure (20
  tons/ac) in the fall
Sweet Corn Cultivars

  ‘Merit’
  ‘Early Sunglow’
  ‘Hybrid Double Delicious’
  ‘Early Xtra-Sweet’
  ‘How Sweet It Is’
New Mexico Farmers’
Marketing Association
 Contact information: info@farmersmarketsnm.org
         Or call toll-free: 1-888-983-4400.
Important Sources of
Information
 Growing zones, recommended crop
 varieties, and planting and harvesting
 information for home vegetable
 gardens in New Mexico:
 http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/c
 irc457B.pdf
 Or, for a complete list:
 http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/

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Growing Vegetables in New Mexico - New Mexico State Unviersity

  • 1. Growing Vegetables in New Mexico Stephanie Walker Extension Vegetable Specialist
  • 2. Benefits of a Vegetable Garden Know where your food comes from, and what goes into it Produce as fresh as possible: more flavorful and nutritious Grow the varieties of vegetables you want
  • 3. Farmers’ Markets History Ancient method used by farmers to sell produce directly to customers. Industrialization food production reduced popularity. Current resurgence as consumers seek fresh, locally grown produce.
  • 4. Advantages Direct sales to customers / no middlemen. Opportunity for new growers. Direct interaction with customers.
  • 5. Customer Loyalty is the Goal Appropriate and consistent prices Stand is appealing and comfortable Consistent attendance at market Customer has pleasant experience Your customers will spread the word Consistently high quality
  • 6. Appeal to all the Senses Sight Smell Taste Touch Sound
  • 7. Harvest at the Right Time Know your vegetables -Premature harvest reduces amount of flavor compounds. -Late harvested may result in a fibrous, less tender, bland or bitter crop.
  • 8. Plan Before You Plant How much space do you have? How do you plan to irrigate? Drip Flood Sprinkler Do any of your plants require trellising? Cucumbers, pole beans, tomatoes, etc. How much room per variety?
  • 9. Prepare Soil Best soil is deep well drained, fertile soil that contains plenty of organic matter. Soil texture: Clay, sandy and loam Alkaline vs. acidic Manures, compost, fertilizers.
  • 10. Plant Your Garden Direct seeding is the easiest way to plant your garden. Transplants are used to obtain earlier maturity, or if seed is expensive. -Harden outside, 1-2 weeks, with partial shade.
  • 11. Water Properly Water by: Hand, drip (most efficient), sprinkler, flood or furrow. After planting irrigate lightly every 2-3 days until germination. Once plants are established do not over or under water Root Rots vs. Blossom End Rot
  • 12. Row Covers Hoop supported vs. floating Perforated polyethylene vs. spun bonded polyester or polypropylene Provides a 2 to 4oF temperature boost May provide protection from insects
  • 13. Know Your Plants Plant size, spacing, time to harvest. Perennial vs. annual. Hybrid vs. open-pollinated seed. Determinant vs. indeterminant.
  • 14. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica) Cole crop; cool season annual Grown for it’s edible, immature flower head Relatively tolerant to environmental stress Plant Apr 15 – Jun 1 Direct seed or transplant
  • 15. Broccoli Culture Temperatures below 40°F may cause chilling injury. Harvest when heads are firm and florets haven’t begun to open. Retain 2-4 inches of stem when cutting. Cut sprouting broccoli just below the floret to stimulate new shoots.
  • 16. Broccoli Cultivars ‘Bonanza Hybrid’ ‘Green Goliath’ ‘Green Comet Hybrid’ ‘Emperior’ ‘Green Valient’ ‘Premium Crop’ ‘Hybrid Packman’
  • 17. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Family Asteraceae Herbaceous annual. Cool season – temps above 70° with long days cause lettuce to bolt. High temperatures and excess maturity cause bitterness.
  • 18. Lettuce Culture Seeds germinate best at 65-70oF; >79oC inhibits. Seeds need light to germinate; seed shallow. Begin planting Apr 1; plant in succession for prolonged harvest. Four types: Crisp head, leaf, butterhead, and romaine (Cos).
  • 19. Lettuce Cultivars Crisphead (var. capitata) Tight, heavy heads. Latest to mature. ‘Iceberg’ ‘Great Lakes’
  • 20. Lettuce Cultivars Butterhead (Bibb) (var. capitata) Small, loosely filled head with creamy interior. ‘Bibb’ ‘Buttercrunch’
  • 21. Lettuce Cultivars Looseleaf (var. crispa) Easiest to grow; earliest to mature. ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ ‘Salad Bowl’ ‘Ruby’ ‘Prizehead’ ‘Oak Leaf’
  • 22. Lettuce Cultivars Romaine (Cos) (var. longifolia) Elongated heads Matures later than butterhead and leaf varieties Harvest heads when small to avoid bitterness. ‘Rosalita’ ‘Valmaine Cos’ ‘Paris Island Cos’
  • 23. Tomatoes Most popular vegetable for home gardens. Family Solanaceae Direct seed or transplant May 1 – May 15 Common disorders in NM: Curly top virus; blossom end rot
  • 24. Tomato Culture Self fertile, wind- pollinated flowers. Temps < 50 will cause blossom abortion, poor fruit set & cat- facing. Excessive irrigation after maturity may cause splitting.
  • 25. Tomato Cultivars Plum and Small Types (L. cerasiforme- cherry & pyriforme-pear) Smaller (½” dia.), sweeter tomatoes Produce about 100 fruit/plant ‘Sweet 100’ ‘Yellow Pear’ ‘Tiny Tim’ ‘Red Cherry’
  • 26. Tomato Cultivars Beefsteak Larger tomatoes, excellent for fresh uses. ‘Beefmaster’ ‘Celebrity’ ‘Better Boy’ ‘Early Girl’
  • 27. Tomato Cultivars Paste High ratio of solids. Excellent for sauces, processing. ‘Roma’ ‘Viva Italia’ ‘Amish Paste’
  • 28. Tomato Cultivars Heirlooms Older, open pollinated varieties Brandywine Black Krim Hungarian Heart
  • 29. Chile Peppers Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense Family Solanaceae Indeterminant or determinant. Planting Dates: May 15 – Jun 15. Direct seed or transplant. Bell peppers genetically non- pungent.
  • 30. Chile Habanero : 300,000 SHU Tabasco : 150,000 SHU Heat Thai : 95,000 SHU Serrano : 65,000 SHU Cayenne : 50,000 SHU New Mexican : 10,000 SHU Bell Pepper : 0 SHU SHU = Scoville Heat Unit
  • 31. Bell Pepper Cultivars ‘Bell Boy’ ‘Gypsy Hybrid’ ‘California Wonder’
  • 32. Chile Cultivars New Mexican-type ‘NuMex R Naky’ (mild) ‘New Mexico 6-4 (mild) ‘NuMex Big Jim’ (medium) ‘Sandia’ (hot) ‘Espanola Improved’ (hot) ‘Barker’ (very hot)
  • 33. Cucurbits Squash, pumpkins, gourds Cucumbers Melons Don’t transplant well. Direct seeding is preferred.
  • 34. Cucurbit Pollination Cucurbit flowers may be perfect (have male and female parts) or imperfect (have only one or the other). Male flowers produced early; female flowers later. Genetics, day length, and temperature determine what gender of flowers are produced
  • 35. Melon Cucumis melo & Citrullus lanatus Family Cucurbitaceae Warm season, herbaceous annual. May be determinate or indeterminate. Melons can only cross-pollinate with members of the same species. Plants are monoecious & can be self or cross pollinated.
  • 36. Melon Culture Planting Dates: May 1 – May 15 Warm temps & sunny weather produces sweet fruit. Bees essential for good fruit set. Only allow 1-2 fruits to develop per plant.
  • 37. Melon Cultivars Melons (other) Watermelon ‘Casaba, ‘Black Golden Beauty’ Diamond’ ‘Crenshaw, ‘Crimson Early Hybrid’ Sweet’ ‘Honey Dew, ‘Bush Sugar Venus’ Baby’ ‘Moon & Stars’
  • 38. Corn (Zea mays) Annual; member of grass family White corn lacks beta-carotene Plant sequentially every two weeks to prolong harvest (May 1 – Jul 15)
  • 39. Corn Culture Soil temperature 50 – 55oF for optimum germination Optimum growth between 75 – 86oF Plant 1” deep in clay; 1.5” in loam, and 2” deep in sand Wind pollinated; poor pollination causes skips on cob. Harvest when silks are brown and dry, and kernels are in milk stage
  • 40. Blue Corn Blue color from anthocyanin pigments Coarser, sweeter and nuttier taste than other flour-corn types Mostly open-pollinated varieties Pre-plant Phosphorus (80 lbs/ac) For organic production, apply manure (20 tons/ac) in the fall
  • 41. Sweet Corn Cultivars ‘Merit’ ‘Early Sunglow’ ‘Hybrid Double Delicious’ ‘Early Xtra-Sweet’ ‘How Sweet It Is’
  • 42. New Mexico Farmers’ Marketing Association Contact information: info@farmersmarketsnm.org Or call toll-free: 1-888-983-4400.
  • 43. Important Sources of Information Growing zones, recommended crop varieties, and planting and harvesting information for home vegetable gardens in New Mexico: http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/c irc457B.pdf Or, for a complete list: http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/