Alberto Bago - Micorrizas. Una raíz extendida
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Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
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Alberto Bago - Micorrizas. Una raíz extendida
- 1. MYCORRHIZAS: The extended roots Dr. Alberto Bago Científico Titular, CSIC Co-promotor, MYCOVITRO S.L.
- 2. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic symbiosis established between 97% of the land plants and some types of soilborne fungi, named “mycorrhizal fungi” MYCORRHIZAS ESTABLISH THE PRIMARY NETWORK FOR ALL THE OTHER MICROBIAL SOIL COMMUNITIES
- 3. Ectomicorrizas Arbuscular mycorrhizas Five types of mycorrhizas, two more abundant Arbuscular mycorrhizas
- 4. Kingdom Fungi •Monophyletic group, prior to Asco- and Basidiomycota •Minimal differencies between spores; quite recent molecular taxonomy tools Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- 5. CO2 CM M M C M M M C MYCORRHIZAS: “…a symbiosis in which an external mycelium of a fungus supplies soil derived nutrients to a plant root.” (Smith and Read, 1997) Mycorrhiza formation usually increases plant biomass Consequently, plant increases its photosynthetic rate in a 4 to20% …meaning that over five billion tons of C per year are fixed by mycorrhizal plants!!!!!
- 6. Intraradical Extraradical Arbuscule BAS Sporulation Appresorium Germinating spore Asymbiotic Life cycle •Homogeneous medium (root cells) •Heterogeneous medium (soil) •Spore sucessive regerminations until symbiosis establishment
- 8. Asexual spore formation Crushed spore DAPI staining Nuclei
- 9. Coenocytic hyphae Migrating nuclei towards hyphal apex Lateral nuclei controlling hyphae Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: coenocytic and multinucleated Nuclei in BAS
- 10. Fossil mycrrhiza c. 400 M year Contemporary mycorrhiza Co-evolution of Glomeromycota with land plants OBLIGATE SYMBIONTS
- 11. FAS COOH C=O CH2 COOH OAA CoASC=O CH3 Acetyl CoA CH2OH C=O CH2OP DHAP HC=O CHOH CH2OP 3PGAD TrioseP- isomerase COOH C=O CH3 Pyruvate COOH CHOH CH2OP 3PGlycerate Glucose CH2OH OH OH OH OH o Fructose 1-6bisP PO2HC OH OHOH OH CH2OPo CoA SH CO2 COOH CH2 HOC-COOH CH2 COOH Citrate CoASC=O CH3 Acetyl CoA COOH CH2 HOC-COOH CH2 COOH Citrate CoASC=O CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 1 FA 16:1w5 cis Krebs Cycle OLEOSOME Citrate lyase (cytopl.) C C C C C C C CH2OH CHOH CH2OH 13C1,3-GLYCEROL C C C C C C CH2O-CO CH2O-CO CHO-CO TRIACYLGLYCERIDE x8 C C C C3 1 CoASC=O CH2CH2CH3 COOH CH3 13C2-ACETATE C NMR / in vitro culture combined studies CAUSE OF THE OBLIGATED BIOTROPHISM?
- 12. Arbuscular mycorrhizas physiology Bago (2000) Plant & Soil Root Soil Bidirectional transport P, N, water C P,N, water
- 13. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus combined fluxes in AMF: an integrative proposal P NH4 + CO2 UreaseNH4 + Hexose Intraradical C pool Extraradical C pool Arg CO2 Orn-carbamoil transferasa Arginino-Succ. liasa NO3 - NH4 + NO3 - NH4 + NR Gln Arg PolyP Intraradical mycelium Extraradical mycelium P PolyP P P Arg Arginase Urea Arg Orn Bago et al. (2000) New Phytol Root cortex
- 14. Lipid and glycogen fluxes at the origin of massive C intra- to extraradical exportation in AMF G. intraradices: 0.26 µg TAG/h Gi. margarita: 1.34 µg TAG/h Gly
- 15. Root Soil Soil aggregates Soil particles Bago et al. (2000) Stable aggregate formation AM ecology
- 16. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: mycelial networking and soil microorganism consortia A A V V I I Rhizosphere Mycorrhizosphere Protozoa Nematodes Free N2 -fixing bacteria Other fungi (Trichoderma) PGPRs
- 17. Increases plant root area: Better efficiency in water and nutrients uptake. Absorption of less available nutrients, specially PHOSPHORUS Balances other elements absorption: copper, clhorine,… Better resistance against pathogens: Better nutritional status, cell wall thickening, activation of defense pathways, competition for space Stimulates plant growth and survival during stress conditions such as drought, salinity, poor soils or extreme pH, etc Optimizes Plant Nutrition BENEFITS OF APPLYING MYCORRHIZA TO SOILS
- 18. Because we didn’t know so well and we didn’t know how to use them correctly If Mycorrhizae are so good, why we have not used them so far?
- 19. Research on MYCORRHIZAS at the Zaidín Experimental Station (CSIC-Granada)
- 20. Cultivation of Mycorrhiza in SOIL or SUBSTRATES •Being solid: Loss of viable structures of colonization Presence of non-soluble substrates Difficult application by irrigation •Not being a sterile production process: Presence of other microorganisms
- 21. Optimizing mycorrhiza cultivation“IN VITRO” first… CSIC Patent WO/2007/014974: “Mycorrhizal aseptic inoculant and procedures of application in in-vitro and ex- vitro conditions” Inventors: Custodia Cano Romero, Alberto Bago Pastor …then making it available!!
- 22. Ultrapure, autochthonous mycorrhiza gel-type inoculants •Since it is a GEL… Perfect application by irrigation No insoluble substrates Keeps active all ways of mycorrhization Biostimulant organic molecules obtained during Symbiosis •Since it is sterile-produced (“in vitro”)… Absence of other microorganisms
- 23. Empresa spin-off del CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 24. VERSUS COMPETITORS The ONLY mycorrhizae gel product in the world!
- 25. Totally soluble semi-liquid gel vs. competitor products with clay and other non solubles substances
- 26. Sterile conditions of production. Solid formulations don´t allow this process. VS.
- 27. • 3different propagule types: SPORES: Long lasting, but slow colonization speed HYPHAE ROOTS FRAGMENTS • Faster colonization • Only survive in a gel medium ColonizationSpeed + -
- 28. •Better adaption to soil conditions (physical, chemical and microbiological). •Better efficacy on plants Non Autochthonous Fungi: Autochthonous Fungi: •Promote Biodiversity and microbiological recovering/sustainability of soil (“calling effect”) •Selection of infective, agressive fungi •Substitution of authochtonous species (lost of biodiversity)
- 29. 1) Soil prospection 2) Mycorrhizal “traps” to multiply fungi 3) Isolation and purification of arbuscular myorrhizal fungi 4a) In vitro culture 4b) Ex vitro culture Isolation of autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (c. 1 year each!)
- 31. Effects of applying MYCOGEL in crops Higher Root Development Earlier and Better Yield Better Fruit Quality (flavour, shelf life) Higher Plant Vigor Increases Plant Resistance to drought and pathogens HEALTHIER PRODUCTION
- 33. LETTUCE (Granada - SPAIN) Control TRAIL RESULTS GARLIC (Granada - SPAIN) Control
- 34. TOMATO Campaign 09/10 Campaign 10/11 Surface (Ha) 0,6 0,6 Number of plants 3.500 3.500 Variety Torry Torry Production (Kg) 40.000 60.000 Fertilization cost N 29 € -- Fertilization cost P 100 € -- MYCOGEL cost -- 40 € EGGPLANT Campaign 09/10 Campaign 10/11 Surface (Ha) 0,4 0,4 Number of plants 2.200 2.200 Variety Cristal Cristal Production (Kg) 29.400 32.000 Fertilization cost N 29 € -- Fertilization cost P 90 € -- MYCOGEL cost -- 20 € Data obtained under agronomic conditions. El Ejido (Almería, Spain) TRAIL RESULTS
- 35. 50% P Control Oil Palm Tree (nursery) TRIAL RESULTS 0 P + MYCOGEL®
- 36. 04- Jul 06- Jul 08- Jul 09- Jul 11- Jul 13- Jul 15- Jul 16- Jul 18- Jul 20- Jul 22- Jul 23- Jul 25- Jul 27- Jul 29- Jul H 3.2 7.3 9.9 12.7 26.9 32.8 35.7 36.5 36.5 38.6 39.1 39.5 41.9 44.7 46.5 H+ 2.7 4.7 15.3 18.5 24.1 30.4 34.0 34.0 35.8 36.2 36.9 38.2 38.6 39.8 40.8 T 1.6 3.8 9.1 12.7 17.5 23.1 27.2 28.7 30.4 31.9 34.4 34.4 36.3 37.4 38.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Trial carried out by Independent consultant Valorhiz, (FRANCE) Melon MYCOGEL® MYCOGEL® + Humic acids CONTROL - Precocity date Total Weight (Ton/Ha) Nº fruits / line Control 38,4 7,8 MYCOGEL® 46,5 9,3 MYCOGEL® + HUmic 40,8 8,3 TRIAL RESULTS
- 37. TRIAL RESULTS Green Beans 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Horti 2 Intensif 1,5 Horti 1 Intensif 2 Horti 1,5 Intensif 1 Témoin Weight(g) Total fresh weight (with pod) Horti 2 Intensif 1,5 Horti 1 Intensif 2 Horti 1,5 Intensif 1 Témoin Control 0 5 10 15 20 25 I2 H1,5 Témoin Numberoffruit/plant Number of fruit/ plant I2 H1,5 Témoin Control
- 38. Olive tree + CaCO3 - CaCO3 Control MYCOGEL Control MYCOGEL ForeignerControl Autochthonous Vineyard TRIAL RESULTS
- 40. ¡GRACIAS!