Carsten Sorensen - Big data: de la investigación científica a la gestión empresarial

The Rise of Generative Machines
Dr Carsten Sørensen
!
London School of Economics and Political Science
Department of Management
Information Systems and Innovation Group
!
c.sorensen@lse.ac.uk
carstensorensen.com
!
digitalinfrastructures.org
enterprisemobilitybook.com
mobility.lse.ac.uk

© Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE
1. Business
2. Machines
3. Material
4. Innovation
5. Future?

Business
Business Machines Material Innovation Future?Platforms

© Dr Carsten Sørensen
19th Century
Early Modern Consumption
New Middle Class
Products
!
20th Century
Mass Consumption
Mass Society
Products and Services
!
21st Century
New Society of Individuals
Individuated Consumption
Support / Honest relationships
Excitement / Experiences
Business Innovation
(Zuboff&Maxmin,2003)
Service
Relationships
Product
transactions
Hand-crafted
engagement

Consumption as Mutual Adjustment
Goods
Services
CustomerOwnershipEcco
CustomerRelationship
Walking in shoes until they fit
CustomerInteractionShoes
Managing own account
Hybrids
Lloyds Bank
CustomerTitle 1984 remotely wiped
Buying books
Amazon
Service
Books
Kindle
Goods Mutual Adjustment
Service Mutual Adjustment
Hybrid Mutual Adjustment

Listen! Engage!
Engage!!
Enrol the customer !
Insider and outsider!
Control and drift!
Abandon pure proﬁt perspective!
Embrace shared purpose!
ex: threadless.com t-shirt design
Listen!!
Automate the customer-service relationship!
Constant adjustments automated data creation!
Privacy and convenience!
Service-push and customer-pull!
ex: top-up my travel card for London Underground

© Dr Carsten Sørensen © Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE
World’s Second Largest Country
1.31 billion active users (June 1st 2014)
50% of users log on any given day
Average 49min
Only survives by constant user engagement!
India 2011
1.21 billion
citizens
China 2012
1.35 billion
USA 2014
318 million
European Union 2013
505 million

Machines

Three Machine Ages
The Mechanical Machine Age
The Smart Machine Age
The Generative Machine Age
(Yoo, 2013)

Age of the Mechanical Machine
• Harnessing generative potential of fire to create
market in-equilibrium through automation.
• Capital intensiveness creates capital markets
• Vertical integration to to ensure maximum utilisation
• Diversification to ensure utility of investment
• Management logic: Economies of size and scope
• Technology means of control through communication
• Scientific management of work
• Professionalisation of graphic design for marketing
• Industrial design
(Yoo, 2013)Babbage’s Difference Engine - Science Museum London

Age of the Smart Machine
• Information the new fire
• From information to strategic assets
• Dis-equilibrium through information management
• Managerial challenge: Managing complexity and
information overload
• Management logic: Modularisation allowing
coordinated distribution
• Design hierarchies
• Networks and distributed organisations
• Outsourcing and virtualisation
• Global value networks - designed in USA, made in
China, customer support in India
(Yoo, 2013)IBM 360 control room

Digitizing
Analog signal is sampled, quantized, and turned into bit stream
Analog to digital conversion
Analog signal reconstructed from bit stream
Digital to analog conversion

Analogue =
Tight Coupling
Distribution Technology
Storage Format
Processing Technology
Music
(Tilson, Lyytinen, & Sørensen, 2010)

Digital =
Loose Coupling
Distribution Technology
(Tilson, Lyytinen, & Sørensen, 2010)
Storage Formats
Processing Technology
Music

© Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE © Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE
Convergence = Loss of Control

Age of the Generative Machine
• The Turing/von Neumann Anything Machine (f.ex. your smartphone)
• Flexibly reprogrammable machine is the new fire
• Digital technology intensively interconnected
• From looking at the interface to residing “within the machine”
• Procrastinated binding and generativity (Apps and services
even Steve Jobs could not have imagined)
• Separation of form and function of reprogrammable
universal machine
• Separation of contents and media
• Globally distributed contribution of innovation
• Deconstruction of products and industries (Tower Records and
Blockbusters anyone?)
(Yoo, 2013)(http://workshop.chromeexperiments.com/machines/)

Material

!
“The Stone Age did not end because humans ran out of stones. It
ended because it was time for a re-think about how we live.”
William McDonough — Architect
Stoneage Ironage Bronzeage
Plastic Digital
... there are known knowns; there are things we know that we
know. There are known unknowns; that is to say, there are things
that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown
unknowns – there are things we do not know we don't know.
Donald Rumsfeld — United States Secretary of Defense.

Big Data
http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/infographic/four-vs-big-data

Big Code
http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/million-lines-of-code/
1 million iPhone apps, 1 million Android apps = 100 billion lines
Average iPhone app = 50.000 lines of code
Control software for US military drone = 3.5 million lines
US Army Future Combat System (aborted) = 63 million lines
Average high-end car = 100 million lines
Windows 3.1 (1992) = 2.5 million lines
Hubble Space Telescope = 2 million lines
Windows NT 3.1 (1993) = 4.5 million lines
HD DVD Player Xbox = 4.5 million lines
World of Warcraft Server = 5.5 million lines
Google Chrome = 6.5 million lines
Windows NT 4 (1996) = 11 million lines
MySQL= 12 million lines
Boing 787 Flight Software = 14 million lines
F35 Fighter jet = 23 million lines
Microsoft Office 2013 = 44 million lines
Large Hadron Collider = 50 million lines
Facebook = 61 million lines
MacOS X 4.1 Tiger = 85 million lines
USA heathcare.gov website 2013 = 500 million lines

© Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE© Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE
Information Technology with Impact on Work
• Big Data
• Mobile Technologies
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Wearable Computing
• Cloud Computing
• Self-Service Platforms
• Machine-to-Machine
Technologies Human
Interaction Social Media
• Collective Intelligence
• Task- & Click Working
• Gamification
• Internet of Things

SCIENTIFICALLYVIABLE
MAINSTREAMPOINT
FINANCIALLYVIABLE
METHODOLOGY
The views contained in Policy Horizons Canada documents
DESIGN
RESEARCH
PERMALINK
SABY
SUPPORT CREDITSDESIGN&RESEARCH REALIZATION
TIMELINE
DIGITALANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES
INTERFACESNETWORKINGELECTRONICS
ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
ELECTRICITYGENERATIONSMARTGRIDSTORAGESELF-ASSEMBLINGFUNCTIONALNEXT-GENERATION
NANOTECHNOLOGYANDMATERIALSSCIENCE
Computers that can both sense and react to their environment. Devices will have information
about the circumstances under which they operate, and based on rules and sensor inputs, react
accordingly. Context-aware devices may also learn assumptions about the user's current
situation.
Much like Google’s Glass project, these allow contextual information to be overlaid on the
Tileable and interactive screen-wallpapers are expected to dominate all types of surfaces for
domestic and professional uses. Wrap-around screens recruit the peripheral vision and create
a truly immersive experience.
A set of technologies which allow a person to feel as if they were present, to give the appearance
A fully immersive Virtual Reality environment to which the user connects through direct brain
Massive Open Online Courses are a type of online course aimed at large-scale participation and
open access via the web.
phase of mobile telecommunications standards as well as a proposed single global standard.
Wireless Gigabit will deliver up to 6 Gbps [6,000 Mbps] connections between devices in interior
spaces. This will enable wireless displays, much like Wi-Fi did for wireless networking.
A quasi-stationary aircraft that provides means of delivering networking to a large area while
low-orbit regional communication satellites.
Electronic money that acts as alternative currency. Currently, alternative digital currencies are
not produced by government-endorsed central banks nor necessarily backed by national
with real goods and services; not being limited to circulation within online games.
The assignment of physical and online tasks traditionally performed by human agents to an
autonomous software agent.
A set of printing methods used to create electrical devices on various substrates. Electrically
functional or optical inks are deposited on the material, creating active or passive devices, such
decorative and animated posters, and active clothing that do not require high performance.
it retains memory without power. It is a new material that promises computers two orders of
A system of many tiny micro-electromechanical systems such as sensors, robots, or other
devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals.
Small-scale robots able to re-position solar panels depending on weather conditions. More
New biofuel technologies, such as cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel from microalgae, promise to
A form of hydropower that converts tidal energy into electricity. Currently used in small scale,
with the potential for great expansion.
Glass with integrated solar cells which converts IR and some visible light into electricity. This
means that the power for an entire building can be supplemented using the roof and façade
areas.
implosion process to conditions of high density and temperature.
are for 50 MW capacity in the near future.
organisms to produce new fuels by unconventional means. Examples include direct production
use.
in order to generate power.
Thorium can be used as fuel in a nuclear reactor, allowing it to be used to produce nuclear fuel
require enrichment.
of such a system is much higher collection rates than what is possible on earth. In space,
Electrical meters that record consumption of electric energy in real time while communicating
the information back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. Can be used for remote
load-balancing such as disabling non-essential devices at peak usage.
Speculative global energy & power infrastructure and set of standards which can be used
interchangeably. Could theoretically mimic characteristics of the Internet in channeling heat,
global demand.
Hypothetic evolution of existing power grids, transporting and storing hydrogen instead of
electricity. Could be used in combination with various kinds of energy transformation methods,
produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs are supplied. They inherently
displace the need for natural gas turbines, and are ideally used for stationary power generation
Advances in materials technology is enabling the advance of high energy Li-air batteries which
batteries could dramatically extend electric vehicle range.
Often accumulated from active solar collector or from combined heat and power plants, and
transferred to insulated repositories for use later in various applications, such as space
heating, domestic or process water heating.
A class of smart materials that have the structurally incorporated ability to repair damage
caused by mechanical usage over time. The inspiration comes from biological systems, which
intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage could lower production costs of a number
caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by material failure.
Machines that manipulate individual atoms with organism-like self-replicating abilities. These
bottom-up, atomically precise 3D printers would be able to carefully create sequences of DNA,
RNA or protein.
themselves, without external direction. Such materials could potentially heal themselves and
grow/contract on cue.
A proposed system in which nanomachines would combine reactive molecules via
mechanosynthesis to build larger, atomically precise parts. These, in turn, would be assembled
that remain atomically precise.
enhance or replace natural functions in the body. Already used to a small degree, future
applications, infrastructure monitoring, smart solar power management, public safety,
improving ultrasonic sensors, and even shielding structures from earthquakes.
A substance composed of pure carbon with atoms arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern
and include: Components with higher strength to weight ratios, lower cost solar cells, lower
cost display screens in mobile devices, storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars, medical
sensors, faster charging batteries, ultracapacitors, chemical sensors and many others.
Devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS typically
integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and
may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors.
When stretched, auxetic materials become thicker perpendicular to the applied force. This
applications such as body armor, packing material, knee and elbow pads, robust shock
absorbing material, and sponge mops.
A synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the
gel has been replaced with a gas. The result is a solid with extremely low density and thermal
include improved thermal insulation, chemical absorber for cleaning up spills, electrochemical
supercapacitors and shock absorption.
Thermally activated bimetals would allow for panes of glass capable of becoming shades when
exposed to the sun, self-regulating energy consumption throughout the day.
controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or
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Context-awarecomputing
Annotated-realityglasses
Wall-sizedscreens
Telepresence
Immersivemulti-userVR
MOOCs
5G
WiGig
High-altitudestratosphericplatforms
Digitalcurrencies
Botsourcing
Printedelectronics
Memristors
Smartdustsensors
Solarpanelpositioningrobots
Second-generationbiofuels
Tidalturbines
Photovoltaictransparentglass
Inertialconﬁnementfusion
Micro-nuclearreactors
Third-generationbiofuels
MicroStirlingengines
Thoriumreactor
Space-basedsolarpower
First-generationsmartgrid
Distributedgeneration
Smartenergynetwork
Hydrogenenergystorage&transport
Fuelcells
Lithium-airbatteries
Thermalstorage
Self-healingmaterials
Controlledself-assembly
Large-scaleself-assemblingmaterials
Nanofactories
Biomaterials
Meta-materials
Graphene
Nanoelectricmechanicalsystems
Superomniphobicmaterials
Auxeticmaterials
Aerogel
Thermo-bimetals
Smartmaterials
NEUROTECHNOLOGYANDCOGNITIVETECHNOLOGIESHEALTHTECHNOLOGIESAGRICULTURALTECHNOLOGIES
ENGINEERINGAUTOMATIONFOODSENSORSDIAGNOSTICSTREATMENTSAUGMENTATIONNEURALINTERFACESEXTENDEDCOGNITIONNEURALNETWORKCOMPUTING
The use of sociometric sensors coupled with neural networked computers to statistically
increasingly possible.
has the capacity to successfully understand the photo of, for example, a cat, based on thousands
of cat pictures.
Software applications with the capacity of discerning and predicting likely future needs for
whomever is being served. Intelligently scheduling meetings, sorting email and selectively
notifying the user are potential usages.etworked computers to statistically determine the
Neural devices capable of substituting motor, sensory or cognitive modalities that might have
been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease. Applications include neural enhancements,
advanced cognitive features and extended physiological senses.
change. With an increase in technology and improved understanding of the nervous system, the
transduction is due to change in capacitance. Can be used to remotely improve alertness,
awareness in soldiers, etc.
Biofeedback using real-time EEG or fMRI to illustrate brain activity, often with a goal of
controlling the central nervous actions.
The hypothetical implementation of brain interfaces that translate thoughts, sensations or
impulses into digital signal, converting the data back into the recipient's brain to enable a
certain response from both ends. Loosely interpreted as telepathy, brain interfaces would be able
to transmit information from one person so another without any mediation other than the
internet, allowing the brain on the receiving end to perform behavioural tasks without training.
living tissue, even within freely moving mammals and other animals, with the temporal
Hypothetical interfaces to be used for assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or
sensory-motor functions and communicate thoughts and intentions to the Internet.
brain using electromagnetic induction to induce weak electric currents using a rapidly changing
discomfort, allowing the functioning and interconnections of the brain to be studied.
The next generation of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging involves increasing the spatial
Electroencephalography remains the most feasible practice of executing and implementing brain
to brain interfaces. It represents the best temporal-resolution tool for getting a picture of the brain
Engineered replacement organs for humans that perform better than their natural counterparts.
The idea is based on the principle that the brain evolved to handle one construction of reality, yet
now can overlay multiple local and remote experiences simultaneously, creating new cognitive
intelligence amplifying system of tools. Information retrieved from the brain would then be used
organisms and diseases.
Microscopic technological structures that extract biometric information from an organism to
terms of personal biometry, bionic implants represent great tools to empower preventive
organisms/functions mechanically or chemically. The main objective of this technology applied
to medicine is to enhance the human body's capabilities or treat malfunctions with robots
functions.
Breakthroughs in tissue rejuvenation with stem cells, molecular repair, and organ replacement
through complete rejuvenation to a youthful condition.
The direct manipulation of an embryo/fetus genome using biotechnology.
The use of a combination of cells, engineering, material methods, suitable biochemical and
physio-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. The term is closely
associated with applications that repair or replace portions of or whole tissues.
A hypothetical handheld portable scanning device to be used by consumers to self-diagnose
medical conditions within seconds and take basic vital measurements. A common view is that
it will be a general-purpose tool similar in functionality to a Swiss Army Knife to take health
A techno-progressive cultural and intellectual movement which advocates for open access to
genetic information and defends the potential of truly democratic technological development.
Biohacking can also refer to managing one's own biology using a combination of medical,
nutritional and electronic techniques. This may include the use of nootropics and/or cybernetic
devices for recording biometric data.
Devices that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to
down to less than picoliters. They represent safer platforms for chemical, radioactive or
biological studies.
The use of biometrics to telecommunications and telecommunications for remote biometric
vaccines.
Can be used for monitoring vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges, factories,
farms and other infrastructure. Coupled with an intelligent network, such sensors could feed
crucial information back to maintenance crews or robots.
about the livestock in real time.
application equipment of correct amounts needed. Optical sensors or drones are able to identify
Allows mechanical devices such as tractors to warn mechanics that a failure is likely to occur
soon. Intra-tractor communication can be used as a rudimentary “farm swarm” platform.
Fundamental additions to the automated farm, these sensors would enable a real time
understanding of current farm, forest or body of water conditions.
complete, living animal. Several current research projects are growing in vitro meat
experimentally, although no meat has yet been produced for public consumption.
The creation of entirely new strains of food animals and plants in order to better address
designed food would be engineered from the ground up.
microscopic sensors, which together would monitor, predict, cultivate and extract crops from the
land with practically no human intervention. Small-scale implementations are already on the
preserving resources at ever larger scales. Further understanding of crop variability, geolocated
weather data and precise sensors should allow improved automated decision-making and
complementary planting techniques.
Also known as agbots, these are used to automate agricultural processes, such as harvesting,
fruit picking, ploughing, soil maintenance, weeding, planting, irrigation, etc.
improvements are suggested algorithmically.
Building on existing geolocation technologies, future swath control could save on seed,
A natural extension of urban agriculture, vertical farms would cultivate plant or animal life
advantages are numerous, including year-round crop production, protection from weather,
support urban food autonomy and reduced transport costs.
biotechnology, with the ultimate goals of being able to design, build and remediate engineered
biological systems that process information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and
structures, produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and the
environment.
Ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange outside the system. Such closed ecosystems
would theoretically transform waste products into oxygen, food and water in order to support
life-forms inhabiting the system. Such systems already exist in small scales, but existing
technological limitations prevent them from scaling.
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Predictivecrimeprevention
Predictivegroupsentimentanalysis
Neuralnetworkimagerecognition
Emotiontracking
Proactivesoftwareagents
Neuroprosthetics
Next-generationneuropharmacology
Micromachinedultrasonictransducers
Neuralbiofeedback
Brain-to-braininterfaces
Optogeneticimplantsinhumans
Next-genBCI
Transcranialmagneticstimulation
High-resolutionfMRI
EEGBrain-to-computerinterfaces
Enhancedorgans
Biologicallyextendedsenses
Machine-augmentedcognition
BionicImplants
Medicalnanobots
Anti-agingdrugs
Prenatalgenemanipulation
Epigenetictherapy
Organprinting
Personalizedmedicine
MedicalTricorder
Biohacking
Labsonchips
Biometricsensors
Infrastructuralhealthsensors
Livestockbiometrics
Cropsensors
Equipmenttelematics
Air&soilsensors
Invitromeat
Geneticallydesignedfood
Roboticfarmswarms
Precisionagriculture
Agriculturalrobots
Rapiditerationselectivebreeding
Variablerateswathcontrol
Verticalfarming
Syntheticbiology
Closedecologicalsystems
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INTERFACES
NETWORKING
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICITYGENERATION
SMARTGRID
STORAGE
SELF-ASSEMBLING
FUNCTIONAL
NEXT-GENERATION
ENGINEERING
AUTOMATION
FOOD
SENSORS
DIAGNOSTICS
TREATMENTS
AUGMENTATION
N
EURALINTERFACES
EXTENDEDCOGNITION
NEURALNETWORKCOMPUTING
DIGITALANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES NEUROTECHNOLOGYANDCOGNITIVETECHNOLOGIES
ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
NANOTECHNOLOGYANDMATERIALSSCIENCE
AGRICULTURALTECHNOLOGIES
HEALTHTECHNOLOGIES
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@envisioning_io
www.envisioning.io www.horizons.gc.ca
in MetaScan 3: Emerging Technologies
ENVISIONING
EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES
http://envisioning.io/horizons/

Innovation

End of Innovation or
Unbounded Opportunity?
Tyler Cowen:
Growth shaped by low-hanging fruits of young,
energetic people emigrating to a new continent and
to industries relying heavily on new technology
!
Erik Brynjolfsson & Andrew McAfee:
Recombinant innovation allows for computational
bounty through global distribution and scaling of
locating beneficial recombinations

Moore’s Law

Ray Kurzweil’s Second Half of the Chessboard
Grains of Rice263
First half = 100,000
kg of rice. India's
annual rice output is
about 1,200,000
times that amount
Second half =
461,168,602,000 metric
tons - 100 tons of rice,
which would be a heap of
rice larger than Mount
Everest. This is around
1,000 times the global
production of rice in 2010
262261260259258257256

AnotherSLAMtechnology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing

Baxter
rethinkrobotics.com

Boston Dynamics* – BigDog
* Now owned by Google
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNZPRsrwumQ

Platforms

http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/160/tech-wars-2012-amazon-apple-google-facebook
I have learned that we are standing on a
burning platform. And, we have more than
one explosion - we have multiple points of
scorching heat that are fueling a blazing fire
around us. [...] Apple disrupted the market by
redefining the smartphone and attracting
developers to a closed, but very powerful
ecosystem. In 2008, Apple's market share in
the $300+ price range was 25 percent; by
2010 it escalated to 61 percent. [...]Apple
demonstrated that if designed well,
consumers would buy a high-priced phone
with a great experience and developers
would build applications. They changed the
game, and today, Apple owns the high-end
range.
Nokia CEO Stephen Elop
http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/nokia-ceo-stephen-
elop-rallies-troops-in-brutally-honest-burnin/
Disruptive Platform Innovation
Where’s Nokia?

Recombinant Innovation
Global systems
support identifying
good combinations,
i.e. 1 million iPhone
apps and 1 million
Android apps.

Future?

Automated Self-ServiceAutomated Self-Service

Snow White and her 6 Luggage Eating Robots
Automation Design
Trouble-

Shooting
Automated Self-ServiceAutomated Self-Service

Products Platforms
Noun Verb
Things Experiences
Creativity Generativity
Craftsmanship Procrastinated
Binding
(Yoo, 2013)
The Age of the Generative Machine
Encounters Relationships

20th Century
• Luxury products for next to nothing
• Mass Product Encounters
• Standardise, Streamline
• Relationships through transactions
• Intimacy through remote anonymous connections
• Scientific management of blue-collar work
• IT supporting people
A New Deal?
21st Century
• Individualised quality services for next to nothing
• Listen! Engage!
• Intimacy, support and personalised service through
automation and self-service
• Warm relationships through cold technology
• Codifying relationships
• Scientific management of information work
• Global recombinant innovation
• People supporting IT

Innovation Challenges
• Constructing people/customers/citizens from
numbers, equations and code
• Solving privacy bottleneck by flipping the
relationship from Customer Relationship
Management (VRM) to customer-controlled
Vendor Relationship Management (VRM) -
Privacy By Design
• To forget and innovate despite of what truths the
numbers and engaged communities of current
users tell
• Organic management of highly distributed
production of code and data
• Maintain open middleware- and infrastructure
standards for generative and distributed
collaboration and proprietary platforms (f.ex. for
Internet of Things)

Warm Services - Cold Technology
158000 SiriYouTube videos

1. Nostalgist
2. Telesurgeon
3. Rewilder
4. Garbage Designer
5. Simplicity Expert
6. Healthcare Navigator
7. End of Life Therapist
8. Gamification Designer
9. Robot Counsellor
10.Media Remixer
10 Crazy Jobs That Will Exist in the Future
http://mashable.com/2014/04/28/jobs-of-the-future/?utm_cid=mash-com-fb-main-link

© Dr Carsten Sørensen© Dr Carsten Sørensen, LSE
The Future of Work
• Intensification of Work
• Flexible working
• Juggling multiple jobs
• Fremium work
• Polarisation of skills and work
• Digital natives and an aging workforce
• 90% (?) scrap around for a full-time job or
10% (?) chased by all to join
• Fixed position or hyperspecialisation?
• Managing output
• Increased individualisation of more intensive
collaboration
• Increased flexibility and increased structure
• More & less responsibility
• Greater control & more controlled

digitalinfrastructures.org
London
tourist sight
Digital
Infrastructure
Issue
10 x 3 Minute
YouTube Videos

Anderson, C. (2009): In the Next Industrial Revolution, Atoms Are the
New Bits. Wired Magazine. http://www.wired.com/magazine/
2010/01/ff_newrevolution/all/1
Ayers, I. (2007): Super Crunchers: How Anything Can Be Predicted.
London: John Murray. Barabási, A.-L. (2002): Linked: The New
Science of Networks. Perseus.
Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2011) Race Against The Machine.
Digital Frontier Press.
Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age:
Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant
Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Bøtter, J. & L. Kolind (2012): Unboss. Copenhagen: Jyllands-
Postens Forlag. http://unboss.com
Carr, N. G. (2008): The Big Switch: Rewiring the World From Edison
to Google. W. W. Norton & Co.
Ciborra and Associates, C. U. (2000): From Control to Drift: The
Dynamics of Corporate Information Infrastructures. OUP.
Cowen, T. (2011) The great stagnation: How America ate all the low-
hanging fruit of modern history, got sick, and will (eventually)
feel better. Penguin.
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