A Smart Grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. Just as ICs were used to improve the bandwidth of copper cable, they can also be used to improve the bandwidth of electrical cables. These improvements enable a Smart Grid to more effectively purchase and distribute electricity and provide users with real-time prices including time of day prices.
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Smart grid
1. CLEINT
LOGO
Apr 2013
GREENER, SAFER, SMARTER
Smart Grid Technology
MT5009- Analyzing Hi-Technology
Opportunities Group Project
Bae Jinwoo A0102853M
Christopher Tan A0046244L
Ivan Mufthi A0077081E
James Tong A0081902L
Mun Kek Chian A0090745B
Peter Katona A0103338N
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What is a Smart Grid?
Improvements in the smart grid
Applications (Demand Response & Time Based Pricing)
Key elements of the Smart Grid
Smart Metering / Power Line Communication
Transmission & Distribution, EVs
Integration of renewable energy
Is Smart Grid the way to go?
Q & A
AGENDA
3. CLEINT
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According to GSGF (Global Smart Grid Federation) the official definition of
smart grid is:
An electrical* network
Efficiently integrating all the stake
holders – From generators to consumers
In order to ensure
Economic efficiency (Time Based
Pricing)
Sustainable network (Demand
Response)
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
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Improvements of Smart Grid over the traditional grid over the past 30 years
Communications (PLC, Optical)
Transmission & Distribution(Super Conductors, Gas-insulated cables & equipment, Better
Underground Works)
Better Storage Capacities(Batteries) (Electric Vehicles / Uninterrupted Power Supplies)
Better Smart meters & Controllers (processors / sensors / memory )
Integration to more distributed sources (Renew Energy; Wind/Solar Farms, EVs)
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
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Loading Curve Price Curve
Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy
Storage in Power Markets”
Demand Response & Time-based Pricing
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
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Evolution of Energy Meters
SMART METERING+PLC
Meters are measurement devices used by utilities to communicate
information for billing customers and operating their electric systems.
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Basic improvements to different Smart meter systems over time
SMART METERING+PLC
AMI
Full Two Way
AMR Plus
AMR
One Way
SmartMeterSystemCapability
Real Time based rates
Power Quality
Remote meter
programming
Load forecasting
Power procurement
Outage notification
Daily or On Demand
Reads
Hourly interval data
T&D Operation
Metering Service
Automated Monthly
Reads
One Way Outage
Detection
Meter Reading
Billing, Account,
Collection
Smart Meter System Functionality Stakeholders or Benefactors
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Although price is $15 more, the AMI provides more functions and average
expected payback time is the same
SMART METERING+PLC
AMR/AMI AVERAGEE COST & FUNCTION COMPARISON
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PLC compared with existing smart grid communication
SMART METERING+PLC
Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Asymmetric digital
subscriber line
Powerline Communication
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A multitude of connected EVs acts like a big battery source to the grid.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
Vehicle and Smart Grid
interaction
Enables stored energy in EVs to
sell back to the electrical grid
Allows for Peak-load shifting
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Case study of an unnamed energy market in the US
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Loading Curve
Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy
Storage in Power Markets”
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Pilot project for EV parking integration to Smart Grid
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
EVs used on a Smart GridEVs used on a Normal Grid
Source: “Electric vehicle smart charging and vehicle-to-grid operation” , Siddhartha Mal, Arunabh Chattopadhyay, Albert Yang, Rajit Gadh
Pockets of opportunity (Black
regions) to sell energy back to
the Smart Grid
Shift Peak
Load
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Case Study: EV Fleet Sedan in Southern California
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID
2011 Monthly Bi-Directional Power Capacity Revenues
Assumptions:
Lease Price: $290/month
15KW bi-directional capability
12,000 miles driven per year
Typical operation from 9am to 5pm (parked 90% of the time)
2011 remuneration values for California ISO, in Southern California
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How can Smart Grid make EVs more economically feasible?
Cost of EV can be reduced by time-based pricing.
EVs can be charged during “off-peak” hours
EVs can sell back energy during “peak” hours
Bottom line
Bi-directional capacity alone can reduce the monthly lease price of a
EV sedan by about 72%
More savings expected with the increase in fuel prices
nth
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID
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Opportunities of EVs in the Smart Grid
With the increase in EV numbers, the Smart Grid will be more efficient in
managing peak loads (Peak Load Shifting & Time-based pricing)
Smart Grid allows for better integration of the EVs into the market
With improvements to the V2G technology in the Smart Grid, it is more
economically feasible to own an EV
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID
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Key drivers for Smart Grid Transmission
TRANSMISSION
• All HVDC solutions prevent cascading disturbances,
even in connected AC networks
Improve quality, stability and reliability
• Semiconductor solution
Saves space, reduced losses
• Create long-distance energy highways via HTS cables
• Underground, subsea solutions
Move more power, further
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Technological advancement of transportation of electricity
HVDC
Year
Powered Distance Per unit Cost Vs. Year
Both charts show that HVDC is trending up over the year from 1960 and beyond
Source: A Functional Approach for studying technological progress: Extension to Energy Technology, by Heebyung Koh, Christopher L.
Magee - (MIT)
Powered Distance Vs. Year
Powered Distance = Amount of Energy transported over a given distance in a given time
Performance metric in transmission:
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HVDC Vs. HVAC
HVDC
Break even distance
The capability of an AC line degrades
with increasing length.
Total Cost
Summary of cost after break even
distance
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Semiconductor solution for New transmission - Switching Device
POWER ELECTRONICS
Ideal controllable Power Semiconductor Switch
When turned on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow
Instantaneous switching from one state to the other at extremely large switching
frequency
Zero voltage drop in on-state, therefore zero power loss
When turned off, current flow is zero, therefore zero power loss
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What is the next Semiconductor solution ?
POWER ELECTRONICS
Benefits of the AlGaN/ GaN material system
over SiC
Gallium Nitride promises performance that is at least 10
times better than existing silicon devices and looks to be
the most promising all over the range from 20V- 1200V
SiC based Technology
Significant cost premiums
Limited scalability
Comparison of controllable power for different
power electronic devices
?????
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High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)
HTS
Improvement in performance of YBCO &
BSCCO superconducting cables
This timeline of discovery of superconducting materials shows how
dramatic the discovery of high-Tc YBCO was. Credit: Wikipedia.
CurrentCarryingCapacity
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Opportunities
TRANSMISSION
Advanced designs and new materials for HTS cables
high current carrying capacity
reduced weight, line sags and corrosion
Development of more efficient and affordable (costs and size) cryogenic
refrigeration system for HTS cable
New types of semiconductors for a new generation of thyristors
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Key Driver for Smart Grid – Sustainability & Integration
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy (RE) is a sustainable solution which does not produce
CO2 (green house gases)
Smart Grid creates a highly flexible platform for the integration of
Renewable Energy any time and any where without any changes in the
equipment configuration
Higher adoption of more renewable energy sources into the Smart Grid,
reduces reliance on fossil-power generation hence lowering CO2 emission.
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As high as 16.7% of global energy generation came from Renewable Energy in
2010
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
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Governments Support & RE Trend
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy generation
capacity is trending up
Source: Renewable 2012 Global Status Report; International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2011
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Forecasted global impact on CO2 emission by 2020
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Total CO2 emission
CO2 reduction by Smart Grid
CO2 reduction from Integration of
renewable energy
Source: The Climate Group, 2008. “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.”
Smart Grid has potential to reduce 2.03Gt CO2 emission where the
integration of renewable energy accounted for 41% of the reduction
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Challenges and Opportunities
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy supply intermittency raises its difficulty in the
integration with the electrical grid
However, the flexibility of Smart Grid via demand response and time-
based pricing has made the integration of renewable energy
becomes feasible.
For e.g., Utilities operator offers consumers incentives to shed load
during peak hour based on the demand response and time-based
pricing
35. CLEINT
LOGOCONCLUSION
Smart Grid is not only an electricity network
A smart network of energy flow (Electricity, gas, etc.)
The smartness brings
Time-based pricing (Efficiency)
Demand Response (Reliability)
Higher integration of renewable sources with the grid
(Sustainability)
The possible FUTURE (Selling electricity as a commodity in the
stock market)