Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Más contenido relacionado
Similar a Karma Dema DORJI "Land resources under threat: strategies and options to address land degradation due to landslides in the context of Bhutan"
Sum-up on Theme 1: Use of data and assessment tools in soil erosion control ExternalEvents
Similar a Karma Dema DORJI "Land resources under threat: strategies and options to address land degradation due to landslides in the context of Bhutan" (20)
The Ultimate Guide to Choosing WordPress Pros and Cons
Karma Dema DORJI "Land resources under threat: strategies and options to address land degradation due to landslides in the context of Bhutan"
1. Strategies & options to address land
degradation due to landslides in the
context of Bhutan
UNCCD 2nd Scientific Conference,
9th – 12th April 2013
Bonn, Germany
Karma Dema Dorji
National Soil Services Centre
Ministry of Agriculture & Forests
2. Overview
Introduction
Landslides related concerns
Landslides mitigation initiatives
Lessons learned from the
initiatives
Conclusion
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 2
4. Facts & Figures
Land area
% Area by Altitudinal Range
38,394 sq. km
1.1%
19.4% 5.3% Below 600 m
600 - 2,400 m
38.4%
2,400 - 4,200 m
35.8%
4,200 - 6,000 m
Above 6,000 m Population
≈ 720,679
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 4
5. Facts & Figures (contd.)
Physiographic zones → 3 (GH, IH, SH)
Climatic zones → 4 (alpine, sub-alpine,
temperate & subtropical)
Country agrarian ≈ 69% population
depend on agriculture
Farming ≈ largely subsistence based on
traditional knowledge with low farm
inputs.
Average land holding ≈ < a hectare.
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 5
6. The Land cover (%)
80
70.46
70
60
50
Total Area %
40
30
20
10.43
7.44
10 4.10 3.20
2.93
0.16 0.01 0.72 0.01 0.54
0
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 6
7. Land degradation information
Land degradation in Bhutan is not well
documented
Information on the cause, extent trend &
other issues e.g. economic & social
implications of LD is scarce & localised
Information put together indicates that
different types of land degradation occur
in Bhutan
4/10/2013 National Soil Services Centre 7
8. Causes of landslides
Steep and rugged terrain of the Bhutan Himalayas
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 8
9. % land under different slope
angles
0 to 8
2%
8 to 30
20%
> 30
78%
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 9
10. Land formation
Widest valley Arable land on steep slopes
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 10
11. Causes of landslide (contd.)
Fragile/Unstable geological settings
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 11
12. Anthropogenic/Direct factors of
LD
1) Forest fires
2) Excessive use of forest resources
3) Overgrazing
4) Construction of infrastructure without proper
environmental assessments & measures
5) Industrial development
6) Unsustainable Mining
7) Solid waste
8) Urbanization
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 12
13. Indirect Factors of LD
a. Population Growth and Structure
Population growing @ 1.3% p.a.
Total Fertility Rate is high at 3/woman
while Contraceptive Prevalence Rate is
low at 31%
Geographically skewed population
distribution
Young age structure of the population with
51% under 25 years
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 13
14. b. Poverty
23% of the Bhutanese live below
National Poverty (NP) line of Nu.
1,100/p/m ($ 20-22)
31% live below the NP line in rural
areas
1.7% live below the NP line in
urban areas
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 14
15. c. 69% depend on Agriculture
Small land holding size limits
the scope for SLM interventions
Unsustainable agricultural
practices
Cultivation on marginal land
Imbalanced used of inorganic fertilizers
Poor irrigation system magt.
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 15
16. d. Social Norms
Land fragmentation due to split inheritance
among families
Results in unsustainable intensification of both
land & land based resources
Farm labour shortage due to rural-urban
migration
Results in poor mgt. & maintenance of vast areas
of land left fallow
Labour intensive SLM activities are not
implemented
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 16
17. e. Climate Change
Extreme climate cause increased forest
fires, glacial retreat and GLOFs, flashfloods
and landslides
There are 677 glaciers & 2,674 glacial
lakes in Bhutan.
Of these, a total of 25 glacial lakes pose
potentially high risk for GLOFs
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 17
18. f. Policy & Institutional Issues
Lack of cross-sectoral policy on national
land use & mgt.
Weak focus on LM (esp. farm land) in
environmental laws & regulations
Lacuna in institutional setting for national
land use & mgt.
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 18
19. Main concerns due to LD include:
Loss of land physically due to landslides &
downstream siltation leading to reduction
in usable land sizes;
Decline in land producitvity leading to food
insufficiency & insecurity
Increasing river sediment loads leading to
escalation in hydropower maintenance
costs
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 19
20. • GDP share - 22% (2011)
• Power generated by 4 mega Plant
is about 7,308.8 MU (2011)
Hydropower • Total export of power to
neighboring countries is about
5,624.3 (2011)
• GDP share – 16% (2011)
Agriculture • 69% of the total population depend
on Agriculture for their livelihoods
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 20
22. Initiatives to prevent/mitigate LD
Developed NAP to guide different sectors
to combat LD
Supported policy development to
strengthen the overall policy support for
SLM
Strengthened human & institutional
capacities in anticipating & combating LD
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 22
23. Initiatives to prevent/mitigate LD
Developed village level SLM planning
methodology to enable site & problem
specific SLM interventions
Promoted best SLM technologies e.g.
terracing, contour bunding, hedgerows
check dams, etc.
Develop site and problem specific SLM
technical manual
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 23
24. Initiatives to prevent/mitigate LD
Erosion plots establishment to generate
soil erosion rate information
Development of Dynamic Information
Framework (DIF) to help simulate LD
related scenarios
School curriculum on LD & SLM
development
4/10/2013 National Soil Services Centre 24
25. Initiatives to prevent /mitigate LD
Others such as:
Promotion of organic farming
Protection of wetland including irrigated land
Promotion of private & community forests
Banning “Tseri” (slash & burn) practice
Swapping marginal land with govt. reserve
forests
Resettling from marginal to better land owned
by Govt.
Allotting land to landless group
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 25
26. Lessons learned
Focus village approach in identifying
LD problems, planning & implementing
Addresses farm labour shortage problem
Enables wider adoption of SLM initiatives
Enables development of common facilities
like group saving schemes, establish
seedling nurseries, community halls,
Enables a greater visual impact of SLM
interventions
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 26
27. Lessons learned
Participatory SLM planning methods
Enables the participation of everyone in decision the
making
Enables site and problem specific planning &
budgeting of SLM activities
Enables timely implementation of planned activities
Enables greater ownership & sustainability of SLM
Communication on landslide risks & impacts
Enables wider awareness & greater interests in SLM
especially in the remote corners of Bhutan
Communication before & after the implementation of
technologies effective
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 27
28. Lessons learned
Mitigation of landslides (precusors)
Implementing low cost bio-engineering measures
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 28
29. Conclusions
Many threats are posed by different forms
(e.g. Landslide) of land degradation;
It causes both on & off-site impacts often extending
beyond the political boundaries
Addressing precursors of landslides are more effective
than trying to address the actual landslide areas
On-site practical demonstration of technologies is more
effective than awareness through media
Policy support necessary for SLM
Cause & effect, extent of impact, social & economical
implications of LD is very important
9 to 12 April 2013 UNCCD 2nd CST, Bonn, Germany 29