Steps on the characterization and treatment of urban technological risk in Merida city (Venezuela)

2. Steps on the characterization and treatment
of urban technological risk in Merida city
(Venezuela).
Alejandro Linayo
Disaster Risk Management Research Center . CIGIR
Latin-American Research Network on Disaster Reduction LARED
Mérida - Venezuela
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3. • Seismic Risk
• Hydrological Risk
• Geologycal Risk
• Technological Risk
Most important urban disaster risk scenarios
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4. 16 1 10 14 38 123 204
674
1746
3335
0
5 0 0
10 0 0
15 0 0
20 0 0
25 0 0
30 0 0
35 0 0
a n t e s
1 9 0 0
1 9 0 0 -
1 9 1 2
1 9 1 3 -
1 9 2 2
1 9 2 3 -
1 9 3 2
1 9 3 3 -
1 9 4 2
1 9 4 3 -
1 9 5 2
1 9 5 3 -
1 9 6 2
1 9 6 3 -
1 9 7 2
1 9 7 3 -
1 9 8 2
1 9 8 3 -
1 9 9 2
D EC A D A S
Fuente: “Análisis del Riesgo en Instalaciones Industriales”; Casal et all, 2001
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5. Step one:
Technological Risk Urban spaces
Step two:
Urban spaces Technological Risk
Step three:
Urbano spaces Technologycal Risk
EVOLUTION OF URBAN TECHNOLOGICAL RISK
APPROACH:
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6. Step one:
Technological Risk Urban spaces
Step two:
Urban spaces Technological Risk
Step three:
Urbano spaces Technologycal Risk
EVOLUTION OF URBAN TECHNOLOGICAL RISK
APPROACH:
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7. Fuente: archivo fotográfico del profesor Julio Portillo Rosales)
On November 13th
1939 an Oil
refinery fire destroys the town of
Lagunillas, in the east side of
Maracaibo Lake - Venezuela,
killing between 2000 and 4000
personas
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8. Fuente: archivo fotográfico del profesor Julio Portillo Rosales)
Photos of the destruction of the
town of Lagunillas, in the east
side of Maracaibo
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9. Step one:
Technological Risk Urban spaces
Step two:
Urban spaces Technological Risk
Step three:
Urbano spaces Technologycal Risk
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EVOLUTION OF URBAN TECHNOLOGICAL RISK
APPROACH:

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11. 1. Despite original design locating industrial facilities in the urban
periphery, the usual uncontrolled urban growth “ate up” original
security distances (low-income human groups searching for alternative
ways to survive, ignore territorial and environmental regulations and
restrictions).
2. As soon as an industry is settled, it start to promote marginal economic
activities that favor the establishment of illegal shanty towns that, over
time, consolidate into small citadels surrounded by technological risks.
How urban spaces became a risk
for industrial facilities??
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12. Step one:
Technological Risk Urban spaces
Step two:
Urban spaces Technological Risk
Step three:
Urbano spaces Technologycal Risk
EVOLUTION OF URBAN INDUSTRIAL
RISK APPROACH:
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Urban risk characterization and treatment in
Merida city (Venezuela).

14. Characterization of urban technological risk
Methodology:
– Historical Inventory of HAZMAT emergencies and
disasters registered (since 1964 to 2010).
– Definition of volume – dangerousness criteria to define
field inventory of urban HAZMAT deposits.
– Field inventory of potential urban technological risk.
– Validation of mathematical models.
– Design of GIS tool for geospatial characterization of local
urban risk.
– Transference of results of the research process.
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15. Urban Hazmat Inventory criteria
• Technological Urban Risk Considered:
– Explosion (including BLEVE)
– Great Urban Fires
– Toxic gases
– Dirty radiation fonts
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16. Urban Commercial
Activities of Interest
• Water potabilisation and pools
• Storage and distribution of gasoline
• Domestic gas distribution
• Medicine Gases and similar
• Liquor distillation & selling
• Firecrackers selling
• Paint selling and distribution
• Laboratory products
• Agrochemical
• Supermarkets
• Cosmetics
• Esoteric brews
• Metal cromation
• Metal mechanic
• Refrigeration
• Lubricants oil
• Woodcraft materials
• Plastic bags factories
• Leather factories
• Candles (sails) factories
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17. Checklist for urban inventory
of technological hazards
Nº CATEGORIA
EMPRESAS, INDUSTRIAS,
COMERCIOS
SUSTANCIAS A
MONITOREAR
8 Agrochemical s
AGROISLEŇA
CASA AGRICOLA
Organochlorades and
Organophosphates
9 Hypermarkets
EXITO
GARZON
CIUDAD DE MERIDA
MAKRO
CADA
CENTRAL
Alcohol
Acetona
Kerosene
Cloro
Limpiador de hornos
Aerosoles
Bencina
10 Cosmetics
MAKARENA
GRAN MUNDO
KABELLOS
Nails Cleaners
Alcohol
Hair decolorants
11 Esoteric Brew Distribution
MAGIA
LA REINA
EL BRUJO BUENO
Ammoniac
Powder,
Candles (sails)
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18. Urban chemical explotion analisis

19. Preliminary results of potential affectation estimated for a painting store
located near the airport of Merida city
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22. Escenary for instantaneous escape of toxic gases
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23. Parameters estimation for basic gaussian models:
Model for instantaneous escapes
( )
















∂
+
−+





∂
−
−








∂
−
∂
−
−
∂∂∂
= 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2/3
2
exp
2
)(
exp*)
22
)*(
exp*
)2(
),,,(
zzyx
w
zyx
hzhzytUxm
tzyxC
π
b1
c1
x2
c2 c3
x3 x3
c3
b3
a
x1
b3
Clase de estabilidad a b c d
A 0,527 0,865 0,28 0,90
B 0,371 0,866 0,23 0,85
C 0,209 0,897 0,22 0,80
D 0,128 0,905 0,20 0,76
E 0,098 0,902 0,15 0,73
F 0,065 0,902 0,12 0,67
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UNACEPTABLE URBAN
DAMAGE LEVEL
APPLICATION ON FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
LOSS ≥ L
URBAN NATCHES
SCENARY
BUILDING
AFECTATION ≥ A
STRUCTURAL
CAPACITY ≤
C
EVENT
MAGNITUDE≥ M
GROUND
MOTION ≥ G
FOCUS
DISTANCE ≤ D
AND
AND
OPERATIONAL
FAILURE ≥ F
DEBRISH
FLOWS ≥ D
SOILS
SATURATIONS ≥
S
WATER COURSES
OBSTRUCTION ≥
W
PRECIPITATIO
N ≥ P mm
AN
D
LANDSLIDES ≥ V

30. • Formal agreement with fire department
• Training (GIS, damage estimation).
• Material and equipments (PC + maps).
• Logistic support in field activities.
• Information exchange.
Transference of research results
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31. Conclusions
1. “Technological risk” associated with hazardous materials within urban areas is a
significant and growing problem.
2. Because of interrelated economic, social, political, cultural, and institutional
factors, attempting to manage urban industrial risk solely improving capacities
within the bounds of industrial facilities is unlikely to be effective.
3. Realistically -- and particularly in less structured societies -- strong social and
economic circumstances makes industrial facilities and human settlements coexist in
inconveniently close proximity.
4. Residents within the reaches of technological facilities must be made aware of the
potential threats they are exposed (industrial surrounding communities are
frequently denied their right to know about the technological risks to which they are
exposed.
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32. Conclusions
5. Efforts made in Merida City to characterize urban technological risks suggest the
importance to include in this kind of risk analysis common commercial facilities. (it
seems that the paradigm that limited technological risk sources only to industrial
facilities must be revised).
6. Geographic information system (GIS) that combine urban technological and
natural threats have been made and used in designing strategies for local risk
reduction and disaster preparation.
7. Diverse challenges must be met during these efforts, particularly because
available methodologies tend to focus only on risks associated with industrial
facilities.
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33. www.cigir.org
http://www.eird.org/plataforma-tematica-riesgo-
urbano/recopilacion-de-articulos/index.html.
contacto@cigir.org
alejandrolinayo@gmail.org
ww.desenredando.org
FOR ADITIONAL INFORMATION
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