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An inclusive approach to disaster
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014
‘Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice‘ • 24-28 August 2014 • Davos • Switzerland
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risk management
Saadia Majeed
PhD Student
Department of Management
Monash University
AUSTRALIA
Saadia.Majeed@monash.edu

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• Orientation of the project
- Study setting
- What is disaster risk management ?
- disaster risk reduction / management frameworks
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• How it relates to Hyogo Framework for Action
• Value for the Post 2015 Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction

Table 1: Bangladesh risk profile
Human Exposure Economic exposure
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Hazard Population
exposed
Ranking %GDP exposed Ranking
Flood 19,279,960 1st out of 162 14.51% 1st out of 162
Cyclone 4,641,060 6th out of 89 3.56% 47th out of 89
Tsunami 1,598,546 3rd out of 76 0.98% 17th out of 76
Earthquake 1,330,958 17th out of 153 1.01% 72nd out of 153
Drought 642,277 63rd out of 184 - -
Landslide 3,758 35th out of 162 0.25% 46th out of 162
Source : Preventionweb, 2014

Table 2: A list of major disaster occurred in Bangladesh
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Disasters in Bangladesh
Year Nature of Disaster Death toll
1970 Cyclone 500,000
1985 Cyclone 11,069
1987 Flood 1657
1988 Cyclone and flood 7457
1991 Cyclone 138,000
1997 Cyclone 550
1998 Flood 1050
2000 Flood 36
2007 Cyclone 3295
2009 Cyclone 190
2012 Flood and landslide 100
Source : Hossain (2011) and Ahmed (2012)

Disaster Prone Areas in Bangladesh
(By Districts)
N
50 0 50 Kilometers
G
E S T B E
W E
N
A
LEGEND
W
International Boundary
District Boundary
Cyclone & Tidal Surge
A
S
S A
M
River Brahmaputra
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I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
B A Y O F B E N G A L
River Systems
Flood
Flash Flood
Drought
St. Mar tin Is.
Management Information & Monitoring (MIM) Division
Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), September 13 '99
L
S
T
B
E
N
G
A
L
M
E G H L A
Y
A
A
A
S
S A M
T
R
I
P
U
R
A
M
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O
R
A
M
A
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N
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Bay of Bengal
The Sundarbans

Flood Area 1 River erosion
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Cyclone
Area 2
Storm surge
Source: Daily prothom-alo, 2007

Awareness
Prevention
Community
Community based organizations
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Preparedness
Warning
Response
Source: rupantor.com
Source: bbc.com.uk

Disaster Risk Management ?
Disaster risk management is a “systematic process of using administrative
directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement
strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the
adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster” (UNISDR, 2009)
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Figure 1: Disaster risk management and its components
Source: UNISDR & UNDP, 2012, p 3

Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
Department of Disaster Management
National and Local Level Institutional Arrangements
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Figure 2: Institutional arrangement of disaster management in Bangladesh

Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh
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Figure 3: Disaster management regulatory arrangement in Bangladesh

• Standing Orders on Disasters only specifies the administrative arrangements,
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operational modalities and responsibilities for government agencies.
• Future climate risks in the disaster management mechanism is not incorporated
• The recognition and scope for contribution of other sectors especially the
academic, corporate and non-government sector is vague.
• climate change issues are institutionally dealt by the climate change cell under the
Ministry of Environment; whereas the disaster managed issues are the concern of the
Ministry of Disaster

Disaster Risk Reduction / Management framework
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•Global level - Hyogo Framework for Action
•Regional level – South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) disaster management framework
•National level – Philippine , Indonesia , South Africa

• Successful implementation of these frameworks requires realistic disaster risk
management activities which still remain a challenge due to lack of theoretical
knowledgebase (Christoplos, Mitchell, & Liljelund, 2001; Wisner, Gaillard, &
Kelman, 2012)
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• the best possible way to reduce disaster risks is to tighten the disaster risk
management systems by identifying loopholes and improving upon them while
keeping future risks in consideration (Prabhakar, S., Srinivasan, A., & Shaw, R.
2009; Thomalla, Downing, Siegfried, Han, & Rockstrom, 2006).
• current approach to reducing disaster risks is not sufficient for addressing the
future climate change scenario (Boher & Dainty, 2011; Sperling & Szekely, 2005).
• current disaster management systems largely rely on risk assessment procedure that
considers historical hazard data for short-term hazard warning or forecasting,
which do not necessarily incorporate climate monitoring or prediction in the system
(Ferrier & Emdad, 2003; Thomalla, Downing, Siegfried, Han, & Rockstrom, 2006).

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So what ?

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•Grounded theory
•Interviews and FGD
•Qualitative data analysis
•Identified issues
- Literature review
- Empirical research

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Local level
Area 1 & 2
National Level
Global / regional
level
Compatibility among identified issues

Figure 5: Concept of inclusive disaster risk management through communication
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Added for value for the Post 2015 Framework
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Disaster Risk Reduction
• How did my work support the implementation of HFA:
– I have analysed the HFA framework, and examined the
implementation of HFA at national and local level in Bangladesh
through empirical research.
– The findings of this research has identified that implementation of
HFA requires improvement in the area of inclusive risk governance
and strategic management.

Added value for the Post 2015 Framework for
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• My perspective on the main gaps, needs and further steps to be
addressed in the Post 2015 Framework for DRR
– Research:
Development of research strategy that will link-up all previous and
current research in the field. Also, it will create imputes to link
between scientific research and evidence-based policy and practice.
– Education & Training:
…… the research findings are not published, exchanged and applied
locally nationally and internationally… to create a national platform,
where such research finding will be publicly available with an option
for improvisation of the findings based on public comments.

Added value for the Post 2015 Framework for
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– Implementation & Practice:
Dissemination of DRR courses through vocational training programmes
and learnerships …..courses should be designed for multiple
audiences, including local level disaster managers, as well as, public
service cadre, who are involved in DRM, but not participating any
kind of formal education system.
– Policy:
The policy dialogue should link issues of effective DRM governance and
legislation, also outline the arrangement of financial and intuitional
measures require to implement DRM legislations, acts and
guidelines.

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References
34
Adger, W. N., Huq, S., Brown, K., Conway, D., & Hulme, M. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the developing world.
Progress in Development Studies, 3(3), 179-195.
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., & Wisner, B. (2004). At Risk:natural hazards people's vulnerability and disasters (2nd ed.).
London: Routledge.
Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality
& Quantity, 36, 391-409.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory : a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publication.
Christoplos, I., Mitchell, J., & Liljelund, A. (2001). Re-framing risk : changing context of disaster mitigation and preparedness.
Disaster,25(3), 185-198.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approches. London: Sage
Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research : meaning and perspective in the research process. London: Sage
Publications.
O'Brien, G., O'Keefe, P., Gadema, Z., & Swords, J. (2010). Approaching disaster management through social learning.
Disaster prevention and management, 19(4), 498.
Oliver-Smith, A., & Hoffman, S. M. (1999). The angry earth:disaster in anthropological perspective. New York: Routledge.
Robson, C. (2003). Real world research : a resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK ;
Madden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers.
UNISDR. (2009). Terminology on disaster risk reduction. Geneva : United Nations Secretariat to the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
UNISDR, & UNDP. (2012). Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific: an Institutional and Policy
Analysis. Geneva: United Nations Secretariat to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United
Nations Developemt Programe.

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