9943871 unfccgreen-house-training
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9943871 unfccgreen-house-training
- 1. CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop WASTE SECTOR
- 3. Introduction
- 10. IPCC 1996GL and GPG2000 Approach and steps
- 47. GPG2000 Approach
- 62. GPG 2000 Approach
- 75. GPG2000 Approach
- 90. Key source category analysis and decision trees
- 91. Comparison
- 96. List of problems
- 100. More deficiencies in the methodologies - Initiate field studies to expand the methodology - Adopt the proposed methodologies covered in the Agriculture chapter differentiating according to geographical reality - The GPG2000 does not cover conditions for tropical countries and management practices for both solid wastes and waste waters - The approximation used in GPG2000 to calculate nitrous oxide from human sewage (the same approximation as in IPCC 1996GL) does not reflect properly the situation of coastal/island areas Improvement suggested GPG2000 approach
- 101. Complexity of methodology - Methods similar to the Check method for waste water should be provided to enhance completeness of reporting - The methodologies presented for Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Waste Incineration require data that are not commonly available in NAI countries Improvement suggested GPG2000 approach
- 102. Activity data problems Low reliability and high uncertainty of data Extrapolations based on past data used to apply Tier 2 for Solid Waste Disposal Sites CH 4 generation Lack of data on oxidation conditions Lack of data on composition of solid waste Lack of availability of disaggregated data Lack of time-series data for waste generation Lack of data on generated solid waste
- 103. Emission factor problems Default data commonly provides upper value, leading to overestimation Lack of emission factors in IPCC 1996GL for waste incineration (covered by GPG 2000) Low reliability and high uncertainty of data Lack of availability of methane conversion factors for certain NAI regions Lack of emission factors at disaggregated level Default data not suitable for national circumstances Inappropriate default values given in IPCC 1996GL
- 104. List of problems (Category wise)
- 105. CH 4 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites Table 6.A
- 108. Emissions from Wastewater Handling Table 6.B
- 111. Emissions from Waste Incineration Table 6.C
- 114. Review and assessment of activity data and emission factors: data status and options
- 116. EFDB – Waste sector status 353 Total (as at October 2004) 0 Other (6D) 47 Waste Incineration (6C) 191 Wastewater Handling (6B) 115 Solid Waste Disposal on Land (6A) Emission factor records IPCC 1996GL category
- 117. Uncertainty estimation and reduction
Notas del editor
- National communications preparation is an evolving process. New UNFCCC guidelines and GPG2000 have created new possibilities to surpass difficulties and limitations that have been flagged. UNFCCC’s User Manual for the Guidelines on National Communications from Non‑Annex I Parties is a new tool that needs to be considered. COP = Conference of the Parties IPCC = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NAI = non-Annex I Party (Party not included in Annex I to the Convention) UNFCCC = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change GHG = greenhouse gas(es).
- This handbook is a tool to overcome the complexities of a sector like Waste, that has both biological processes as a simple chemical process (namely incineration). EFDB = IPCC emission factor database AD = activity data EF = emission factor
- Waste sector is relevant in countries with large urban populations, particularly in countries with cities that have more than one million inhabitants (that is the case for all the above mentioned countries). As the main source is generally methane (CH 4 ) emissions from solid waste disposal sites, this gas is the most relevant. In countries with low agricultural and industrial emissions, the waste sector may also become a significant source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Analysis of national communications has shown that methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites is commonly a key source
- There are two types of processes associated with waste management: Rotting Burning In the first case, the emissions come from (anaerobic) decomposition occurring slowly and liberating carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances. In the second case, emissions include carbon dioxide, due to the oxidation processes involved.
- The decomposition of waste is a biochemical process triggered by micro-organisms. In this slide, the processes (source, process and emissions) that lead to the different emissions are pointed out.
- Characteristics of this category are presented here: Type of activity Characteristics of the process Emissions produced Accounting issues
- In this slide, additional details of the decomposition process are presented in order to help explain the basic biochemistry of the process. This is relevant for the correct interpretation of the influence of physical factors in the process.
- Practices that are not fully represented in the IPCC 1996GL or the GPG2000 are presented in this slide. These practices are common in NAI countries and are here to raise the debate on the approaches used to deal with them.
- In this slide, the characteristics of proper landfills are presented. This slide is here to remind that in many NAI countries these conditions are not fully achieved.
- This slide stresses the importance of waste composition as a factor in methane production.
- In this slide, the stress is on the importance of physical factors, essentially moisture and temperature. The slide is a reminder of the influence of weather on methane production.
- In this slide, the uncertainty related to chemical conditions is presented as an important factor limiting accuracy.
- In this slide, an idea of the importance of the source category is presented. Also, the importance of the industrial waste-water subcategory is stressed.
- In this slide, the particular characteristics of methane emissions from waste water are presented. Note that they are different than those for solid waste.
- The concept of biochemical oxygen demand is essential for understanding the decomposition processes in water.
- Particularities concerning waste incineration are raised: Combustion of biomass-based matter not to be accounted Nitrous oxide a product of incineration of protein-rich organic matter (sludge)
- From IPCC 1996GL.
- This and the next slide present an algorithm that is valid for any sector, and it is here for the sake of completeness.
- Calculation methods proposed for this source category in IPCC 1996GL.
- This simple method, used in several cases by NAI countries, gives good approximate results if decomposition conditions are optimal.
- This is the simplest method.
- This calculation method requires more knowledge about the waste stream composition, but this is easily obtainable.
- This equation presents all the factors relevant to calculate the emissions of methane using the simple method.
- Notice the relationship between the amount of DOC dissimilated fraction and temperature, indicating the influence of one physical factor on the process.
- This slide lists the major caveats that restrict the wider application of this simple method.
- This slide and the following four slides present the improvements introduced to this calculation by GPG2000, leading to the Tier 1 or Default Method.
- This slide presents some approaches that may be used when activity data indicate different conditions.
- Here, the main differences between Tier 1 and Tier 2 are highlighted.
- In this base equation, the time relationship is evident – variables “c” and “t”.
- The good practice equation introduced here gives a clear idea of the dynamics and additional to the calculation process.
- This slide lists the required factors.
- The methane generation rate constant is the keystone of Tier 2. A good understanding of this factor is vital for the proper application of Tier 2. Proper calculation of “k” is essential.
- The slide presents the factors upon which “k” depends. Through careful evaluation of national circumstances, values can be generated to replace the default values.
- This slide repeats the previously stated concept of methane generation potential, and it is here in the interest of completeness.
- The slide presents additional factors that determine REAL emissions. Recovery and oxidation and the order in which to deal with them are included here.
- The countries that have used this equation.
- Another possible but uncommon calculation route is briefly introduced here.
- Key uncertainties relating to SWDS emissions.
- The basic assumptions relating to methane and nitrous oxide emissions from waste-water treatment.
- The slide presents the use of a simplified approach for domestic and commercial waste water. This method is efficient for most countries.
- GPG2000 includes a simple calculation for methane from waste water. It is called the “check method” and its factors, including its default values, are presented in this slide.
- For the basis of this method, see the factors presented on slide 25.
- A comparison of BOD and COD is presented here. This is important with respect to the prevailing measurement practices. Methane conversion factor (explained on the next slide) is introduced.
- First, the approach of IPCC 1996GL is challenged by the first two statements. The use of expert knowledge is stressed by the last statement.
- Some important characteristics of industrial waste waters are stressed: On site calculations ONLY Keep the focus on KEY industries
- The equation version of the algorithm from the previous slide is presented here.
- Notice the similarities with slides 67 and 68.
- This slide presents the equation derived from the previous slide.
- Key uncertainties for waste-water treatment emissions are presented here.
- In this slide, the main characteristics of waste incineration accounting are presented.
- The equation for carbon dioxide stresses the need to differentiate the four types of waste: municipal, hazardous, clinical and sludge.
- In this slide presente two equations for calculting nitrous oxide emissions, depending on the data available: First equation uses emission factor Second equation uses nitrous oxide emission concentration in flue gas
- This slide presents the major assumptions used in calculating carbon dioxide emissions from waste incineration.
- The particularities of nitrous oxide calculation are stressed. The calculation must take into account the composition of waste and the incineration process.
- Here, the most common general reporting recommendations are presented.
- Here, the most common QA/QC reporting recommendations are presented.
- Notice the importance of “k” value (methane generation rate constant), waste composition and comprehensiveness of the assessment.
- In this slide, major issues to do with reporting on this source category are stressed: Separation between flaring and recovery, documentation of parameter changes and time series consistency.
- Some key details on reporting are presented here for review. COD = chemical oxygen demand.
- Some key details on reporting are presented here as reminders.
- Parties are recommended to review the above-mentioned section of the Guidelines to check if the method is applicable according to national circumstances.
- The issues related to EF default values and the relationship between the source category and the Energy sector are highlighted here.
- In several cases GPG 2000 provides a better and simpler calculation tool than does IPCC 1996GL.
- This slide is just meant to draw attention to the fact that no new tables were introduced in GPG2000..
- This slide, introduces the problems found, categorizes them and proposes approaches to deal with them.
- Lack of coverage of issues relevant to NAI countries is presented here.
- Some suggestions to lacks or gaps identified are proposed.
- Some suggestions to fix deficiencies.
- Some methodological issues not properly covered by the Table 6.A .
- Common problems related to AD and EF for NAI countries.
- This slide presents an approach for dealing with AD scarcity.
- BOD = biochemical oxygen demand