1. Gopi Krishna Giri

2.  It is otherwise known as ‘Gene Pharming’.
 ‘Pharming’- Combination of Farming and
Pharmaceuticals.
 It refers to use of genetic engineering to insert a gene in
host animals to produce drugs or other beneficial products to
humans.

3.  It is used in various transgenic animals like,
1.Transgenic Mice
2.Transgenic Cattle
3.Transgenic Goat
4.Transgenic Pigs
5.Mosquitoes
 Production of pharmaceutically valuable human proteins
from milk of transgenic animals –”Animal Pharming”.

4. 1.Super Mouse:
 Ralph Brinster (1982) develop first transgenic mouse – Super
Mouse.
 It used for Meat production.
 Introducing Rat Growth Hormone Gene in mouse
metalothionein promoter into fertilized eggs.
It has high level of growth hormone .
Attains 44 grams weight in 10 weeks compared to normal
sibiling are 29 grams.

5. 2.Knockout Mice:
 Transgenic mice carries Knockout Gene (Non- Functional
gene) at place of gene of interest –Knockout Mice.
Introduction of Collagen Gene in mice genome produce
knockout mice suffering Osteogenesis.
It is used to treat human diseases Osteogenesis.
Another , introduction of HIV tat Gene in mice generate
knockout mice with Kaposi’s Sarcoma.
It is used to treat Kaposi’s Sarcoma diseases in human.
Transgenic mice are used as human disease models for AIDS,
Diabetics, Cancer,etc.,

6. Microinjection method used to create transgenic cattle with
novel gene.
Transgenic cows with K-Casein Gene insert ,produce milk rich
in K-Casein. This milk used for cheese making.
Transgenic Cattle with Lactose Gene insert ,produce milk
which is poor in lactose. This milk good for lactose intolerant
people.

7. It is used for Animal Pharming.
Transgenic Goats with tPA Gene tissue plasminogen
activator in milk.
tPA is used to dissolve Blood Clots.

8. Gene for Factor VIII, introduced into zygote of pig and it was
implanted in uterus of sow.
Sow produce transgenic pigs that could produce Factor VIII in
milk .
It is used to treat Haemophilia.
Transgenic Pigs with Human β- globulin gene , produce human
hemoglobin in their blood.

9. Gene codes for endotoxin of Plasmodium vivax,
introduced into zygote of mosquitoes.
It produced toxin of Malarial parasites in their Saliva. When it
suck blood ,they inject toxin into human blood.
Human immune system produce Ab against toxin so body resist
to Malarial parasites.
It isused to vaccinate against malaria, viral and bacterial
diseases in human.

10. Molecular Screens to find New Candidate Drugs
Target driven drug discovey have changed way to perform large
scale screening.
Target enables to generate materials cheap, flexible ,scaleable
and reliable.
To reduce risk of undesired compound effects.Develop
compound selectively for desired target over protein sharing.

11. Advance in bioinformatics, enables use to identify target related
sequence, development of parallel screening tools and assays.
 compound can be assesd in assays or 3-D structure .It will helps
to optimize drug design and used to compound screening such
as,In Silico Screening .
In Silico Screening:
Screening of ligands for matches to lead binding site of target –
Virtual Screening or In Silico Screening.
It can be done with programmed computer.

12. Computer based matching of binding of target with active site
of active lead – In Silico Daking.
Virutal screening start from 3D structure of target molecules by
X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.
3D structure obtained from Protein Data Bank.
Autodock program helps to predict interaction between target
and ligand with refer to geometric position of reactive groups,
bond angles,bond length, side chain flexibility and molecular
force fields.