The nucleus is the control center of the cell, bounded by a double nuclear membrane. It contains DNA in the form of chromatin or condensed chromosomes, as well as the nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is produced. The nucleolus builds ribosomal subunits which exit through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes for protein production. Ribosomes are structures composed of rRNA and proteins that exist freely in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they synthesize proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins and manufactures membranes throughout the cell. It includes rough ER where bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for export, and smooth ER which performs metabolic functions and membrane production. The Golgi apparatus finishes
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Nucleus
1. Nucleus
• Control centre of the cell
• Bound by a nuclear
envelope (or membrane)
comprising 2 membranes
• Contains DNA as
chromatin (uncondensed)
or chromosomes
(condensed, replicated)
• Nucleolus (RNA)
1
2. Cells gotta work to live!
•What jobs do cells have to do?
• make proteins
• proteins control every
cell function
• make energy
• for daily life
• for growth
• make more cells
• growth
• repair
• renewal
3. Proteins do all the work!
cells
DNA
proteins
organism
Repeat after me…
Proteins do all the work!
4. Cells functions
•Building proteins
• read DNA instructions
• build proteins
• process proteins
• folding
• modifying
• removing amino acids
• adding other molecules
• e.g, making glycoproteins
for cell membrane
• address & transport proteins
5. Building Proteins
• Organelles involved
• nucleus
• ribosomes
• endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
• Golgi apparatus
• vesicles
nucleus ribosome ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
9. Nucleolus
•Function
• ribosome production
• build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
• exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
small
subunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &
proteins
nucleolus
11. membrane proteins
Types of Ribosomes
• Free ribosomes
• suspended in cytosol
• synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol
• Bound ribosomes
• attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
• synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes
12. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Function
• processes proteins
• manufactures membranes
• synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
• Structure
• membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell
14. Smooth ER function
•Membrane production
•Many metabolic processes
• synthesis
• synthesize lipids
• oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
• hydrolysis
• hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
• in liver
• detoxify drugs & poisons
• in liver
• ex. alcohol & barbiturates
15. Membrane Factory
•Build new
membrane
• synthesize
phospholipids
• builds membranes
• ER membrane
expands
• bud off & transfer
to other parts of
cell that need
membranes
16. Rough ER function
•Produce proteins for export out of cell
• protein secreting cells
• packaged into transport vesicles for export
Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?