1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2. Main Menu
Past Continuous Tense 
English Alphabetic 
Parts of Speech 
Future Continuous Tense 
Sentences 
“ Verb to BE 
Present Perfect Tense 
“ Verb to DO 
“ Verb to HAVE 
Nouns 
Past Perfect Tense 
Countable Nouns  Future Perfect Tense 
Spelling Rules for Plurals  Present Perfect Continuous 
Uncountable Nouns  Imperatives 
Definite & Indefinite Articles 
Modals 
Pronouns  Comparing Adjectives 
Object Pronouns  Adverbs 
Reflexive Pronouns  Active & Passive 
Relative Pronouns 
Making Questions  Transitive & Intransitive Verbs 
How  ...
any/ some/  Prepositions 
Making Negative 
Question-Tags 
TENSES 
Present Simple Tense 
Conditional “if” ” 
Past Simple Tense  Reported Speech 
Future Simple Tense  Countries and Nationalities 
Present Continuous Tense 

3. English Alphabet
Capital Letters .1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Small Letters .2
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Consonant Letters 
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
Vowels Letters 
a e i o u

4. Parts of Speech
Noun Ahmed, book
Pronoun I, he, she, it, etc. ……..
Verb Play, played, will play
Adjective rich man
Adverb Ahmed writes quickly.

5. Parts of Speech
Preposition Ahmed goes to school.
They traveled by plane.
Conjunction Ali and Ahmad visited us
yesterday.
Interjection Alas! She died.

6. Parts of Speech
Article
a, an, the
a This is a book.
an This is an apple.
This is the book I bought
the
yesterday.

7. Ali doctor.
Ali is a doctor.

8. Sentences
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences

9. Simple Sentences
I saw a boy. (1
The boy was riding a bicycle. (2
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

10. Compound Sentences
and/ but /or
and:
Ahmed did his homework yesterday. Anas
helped him.
Ahmed did his homework yesterday and
Anas helped him.

11. Compound Sentences
but:
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
or:
We can play football. We can watch TV.
We can play football or we can watch TV.

12. Complex Sentences
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause
Adverbial Clause

13. Clause & Phrase
A clause is a combination of words containing a verb
and has a complete meaning.
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of
the sentence but without a verb.
I saw the man carrying a stick.

14. “Verb to BE
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
Subject Present Past Past participle
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They, are were been
You

15. Verb to BE “
:Examples
I am a pupil.
They are boys.

16. Negative Sentences with the verb to
BE
We make negative statements with the verb
to BE by using the word not after the verb
to be.
(not)
Affirmative Negative
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

17. Making Questions with the
verb to BE
“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Be +Subject + Complement Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

18. Verb to DO “
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
Subject Present Past Past
participle
I, you, we, do did done
they
He, She, It does did done

19. Verb to HAVE “
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
Subject Present Past Past participle
I, you, we, have had had
they
He, She, It has had had

20. Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verb
Subject + + not + have + Complement
do/does/did
I do not have a car.
He does not have a new watch.
They did not have breakfast this
morning.

21. Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb
“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Do/Does/ +Subject +have + Complement Yes + Subject No + Subject +
Did + do/does/did
do/does/did +not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this Yes, they did. No, they did
morning? not.

22. Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the
perfect tense.
They have lived here for two years.
Adel has just finished his work.

23. Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
not
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.

24. Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
They have lived here for a long time.
Have they lived here for a long time?
Yes, they have. No, they have not.

25. Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
To express necessity in the present and past have to, has 
to, had to.
I have to leave now.
________________________________________________
With some modal auxiliaries.
You had better see a doctor.
________________________________________________
____
To show that something is caused by another person.
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

26. Nouns
Nouns are words we use to name:
People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …
Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
Places school, street, city, house, …..
Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

27. Countable & Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns: are things that are
counted as one, two, three, and so on.
Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

28. Countable Nouns
These nouns have singular and plural forms. 
Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
(a/an)
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone
without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.

29. Spelling Rules for Plurals
We form plurals of most nouns by adding
“s” to the singular noun.
“s”
Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses

30. Spelling Rules for Plurals
es sh, ch, z, x, s
Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes

31. Spelling Rules for Plurals
ies y y
Singular Plural
city cities
baby babies
s y
Singular Plural
boy boys
key keys

32. Spelling Rules for Plurals
es o
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
s o
Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos

33. Spelling Rules for Plurals
es v fe f
Singular Plural
knife knives
shelf shelves
Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen

34. Spelling Rules for Plurals
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice

35. Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
es , s
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
an a

36. Uncountable Nouns
flour salt meat
information coffee knowledge
butter food tea
sugar gold blood
news glass cheese
milk paper bread
rice wood furniture
rain steel grass
cloth music marble

37. Uncountable Nouns
Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
Milk has many minerals.
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

38. Definite & Indefinite Articles
a/an
are used as indefinite articles.
The
is used as definite articles.
We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
a
We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
an

39. Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
a
We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.
an
Vowels
a e i o u

40. Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
We use a/an
Before a singular a table
countable noun.
an egg
Before a job, a particular Saleh is a doctor
group of people or a
nationality. He is an engineer.
She is an English
woman.
With numbers that mean He washes his
every. hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

41. Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
We DO NOT use a/an
No article is used with Love, beauty,
abstract nouns and hatred, wood,
the names of metals. silver, gold
No article is used There are books
before plural or on the table.
uncountable nouns.
Milk is good for
you.

42. The Definite Article “The”
The is used before:
A noun that is the The river Nile
only one of its kind.
The Ka’aba
Names of rivers, The Arabian Gulf
seas, oceans, etc….
The Red Sea
A noun which is the Umar answered
object of a the question.
sentence.
The names of Can you play the
musical piano?
instruments.

43. The Definite Article “The”
The is used before:
Names of some The United Kingdom The
countries. U.S.A.
With some time at the weekend
expressions. in the evening
With dates. On the first day of every
month.
With some general Listen to the radio/news.
expressions. Go to the market/desert.

44. The Definite Article “The”
Use article with the I saw a man. The man
name that is repeated. was young.
No article is used with I do not like science. My
the names of studies of favorite subject is
subjects. mathematics.
No article is used before I am going to school.
such words as school, I always go to bed early.
home, bed, work, etc.
No article is used before on Monday, in June
such words such as day in summer (sometimes
and month names. in the summer).
before breakfast.

45. Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun.
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

46. Pronouns
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is
clear who or what we are talking about .
Examples
Ali is a good student. He has passed all his
tests.

47. Object Pronouns
We use an object pronoun
After a preposition.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for her.

48. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used: 
for emphasis 
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.
With some special expressions 
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

49. Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns are used to join
sentences together.
-
who
which
that
whose
-

50. Relative Pronouns
Who
who
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
who The man
Here is the man who is a doctor.
1) The man came here. The man is a doctor.
The man who came here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.

51. Relative Pronouns
Whom
whom
The man came here. I visited him.
whom him
The man whom I visited came here.
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

52. Relative Pronouns
Which
which
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
which his book him
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.

53. Relative Pronouns
That
that
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.

54. Relative Pronouns
Whose
whose
This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose car hit the boy.
the man car
car whose

55. Making Questions
Helping Verbs
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – 
had – will – would – shall – should – can –
could – may – might – must – ought to
Are they doctors? They are doctors.
Can they help us? Can she help us?
Will you go to the market?

56. Making Questions
do s
They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
I write books. Do you write books?
does s
Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
Huda watches TV. Does Huda watch TV?

57. Making Questions
did
They watched TV last night. 
Did they watch TV last night?
I played football yesterday. 
Did you play football yesterday?
No Yes

58. Making Questions
Wh Questions
Where?
When?
Why?
What?
Which?
Who?
Whom?

59. Making Questions
Wh Questions (Cont.)
Whose?
How?
How many?
How much?
How long?
How old?
How far?

60. Steps for Making a Question
When, Where, Why………..etc
helping verb
do s
does s
did

61. Steps for Making a Question
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
meat they are
They played tennis at school.
Where did they play tennis?
ed did
at school

62. Steps for Making a Question
I you you I
we my you your
what who
Who broke the window? Ahmed broke the window.
What describes accidents? The book describes accidents.

63. How
How
He was very pleased when he met his
friend.
How was he when he met his friend?
How
Thirty boys are in this class. many
How many boys are in this class?
I am twenty years old. How old
How old are you?
You paid five pounds for this coat. How
How much did you pay for this coat? much

64. How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. How far
How far is it from Dammam to
Riyadh?
This rope is two meters long. How
How long is this rope? long
This fence is four meters high. How
How high is this fence? high
Sami is one meter and a half tall. How tall
How tall is Sami?

65. /
some / any
some
1) We have some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

66. Making Negative
not
Helping Verbs are:
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
They are happy. They are not happy.
He can help us. He can not help us.

67. Making Negative
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative) (Negative)
Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms
(written) (spoken) (written) (spoken)
I am I’m I am not I’m not
He is He’s He is not He’s not
She is She’s She is not She’s not
It is It’s It is not It’s not
You are You’re You are not You’re not
We are We’re We are not We’re not
They are They’re They are not They’re not

68. Making Negative
not (do, does, did)
Affirmative Negative
some no, any
both……and neither………….nor
either…..or neither………….nor
sometimes never
as………as not so…………..as
all not all
every no, not every

69. TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
(What always happens?)
every always usually
generally often sometimes
rarely never from time to time

70. TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
(What always happens?)
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
s
Ali drinks milk every morning.
A cow gives us milk.

71. TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense
(What happened yesterday?)
ed
Irregular verbs
yesterday last ago
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:

72. TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense
(What happened yesterday, last night…?)
was I, He, She, it
were They, We, You
I watched television last night.
They visited their uncle yesterday.
We went to Makkah two months ago.

73. TENSES
3. Future Simple Tense (What
will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
3.
shall will
will we I shall
will shall
tomorrow next in the future
in 2010 AD, in 1430 AH :

74. TENSES
3. Future Simple Tense (What will
happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
I will go to school tomorrow.
They will play football next Friday.
He will join the army in the future.
am , is , are going to

75. TENSES
4. Present Continuous Tense
(What is happening now?)
am / is / are + ing
I am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing
now at the moment look
at the present time listen

76. TENSES
4. Present Continuous Tense
(What is happening at the moment?)
I am reading at the moment.
They are watching television now.
Look! The bus is coming.

77. TENSES
4. Present Continuous Tense
like love want prefer
wish hate dislike feel
hope hear think seem
appear fear consider fit
believe trust understand

78. TENSES
5. Past Continuous Tense
(What was happening?…)
was / were + ing
when while as because

79. TENSES
5. Past Continuous Tense
While I was sleeping, a thief entered my room.
When we were eating, my father came.

80. TENSES
5. Past Continuous Tense
A thief entered while I was sleeping .
My father came when we were eating .

81. TENSES
5. Past Continuous Tense
while
while

82. TENSES
6. Future Continuous Tense
(What will be happening?)
( will + be ing )
at by in
from…to all after

83. TENSES
6. Future Continuous Tense
By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

84. TENSES
7. Present Perfect Tense
(What has happened?)
Past participle
has / have + past participle I
since for just
yet ever never
recently already

85. TENSES
7. Present Perfect Tense
I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
I have not visited him since 1995.
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.

86. TENSES
Since & For
Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to •
now”
For means “a definite period of time” •
since for
2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century

87. TENSES
8. Past Perfect Tense
(What had happened?)
Past participle
had +past participle I
after before
when as soon as

88. TENSES
8. Past Perfect Tense
I had washed before I prayed.
They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had done his homework before he went to school.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.

89. TENSES
9. Future Perfect Tense
(What will have happened by…?)
Past paticiple
will + have past participle I
by at

90. TENSES
9. Future Perfect Tense
By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

91. TENSES
. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(What has been happening?)
has / have + been + ing I
for since

92. TENSES
. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I have been studying English for six years. (I am still studying English)
She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock. (She is still sleeping)

93. TENSES
. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Cont.
Present Perfect
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are
now one hundred cakes on the table.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense
She has made 100 cakes..

94. Imperatives
Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning
of sentences either in the affirmative or
negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling
someone what to do.
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the •
verb such as: walk, read, open,….etc.

95. Imperatives
Give Instructions
Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative)
Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative)
Make Invitations
Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative)
Please start; do not wait (Negative) f
or me.
Tell someone what to do open your book.
(Affirmative)
(Negative) Do not forget to post the letter.

96. Imperatives
Give Warnings
(Affirmative) Keep out! Danger.
Make Signs & Notices
(Affirmative) Push.
(Affirmative) Insert 2 X 50 SR.
(Affirmative) Keep off the grass..
Make Requests
Please open the door (Affirmative)

97. Modals
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but
it can have several meanings and time frames,
depending on the context in which it is used.
Form
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must,
ought to +
Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

98. Modals
Modals Expresses: Example
Promise
shall You shall take a reward.
Determination He does not want to obey
me: but he shall.
Threat You shall be punished if you
come late.
Duty
should You should obey your
teachers.
Advice or opinion You should stop smoking.
will The simple future tense. He will visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promise I will travel when I like.
We will do as you wish.

99. Modals
Modals Expresses: Example
might Possibility I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are Ability He can do it carefully.
able to He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able, Ability in the future I shall be able to help you.
will be able
could Past, present or Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
future possibility Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must Necessity You must listen to your teachers.
had to The past form of Faisal could not come to our dinner
must: past party. He had to stay home to study.
necessity

100. Modals
Modals Expresses: Example
ought to + Advice You ought to help the poor.
infinitive
ought to Actions that You ought to have studied.
have + past were advisable (You did not. That was a
participle in the past mistake)

101. Modals
Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
They should They should Should they eat Yes, they No, they
eat now. not eat now. now? should. should not.
He will leave. He will not Will he leave? Yes, he No, he will
leave. will. not.
He would He would not Would he leave? Yes, he No, he
succeed. succeed. would. would not.
I might I might not Might I succeed?
succeed. succeed.
I may sleep. I may not May I sleep?
sleep.

102. Modals
Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
I can do it. I cannot do Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can
it. not.
He could talk. He could not Could he Yes, he could. No, he could
talk. talk? not.
We could have a We could Could we Yes, you No, he could
test tomorrow. not have a have a test could. not.
test tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must go now. You must Must you go Yes, I must. No, I must
not go now. now? not.
You ought to help You ought Ought you Yes, I ought No, I ought
them. not to help to help to. not.
them. them?

103. Comparing Adjectives
1. Comparing Short Adjectives
than er
Ali is older than Ahmed. •
My Car is faster than yours. •
r e
safer than safe •
simpler than simple •
er i y y
easier than easy •
heavier than heavy •

104. Comparing Adjectives
1. Comparing Short Adjectives
est the
Everest is the highest mountain. •
This is the biggest building in Riyadh. •
e e
the safest safe •
est i y y
the easiest easy •

105. Comparing Adjectives
2. Comparing Long Adjectives
beautiful difficult
dangerous correct
important fluent
est er
than more
Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.
French is more difficult than English.

106. Comparing Adjectives
2. Comparing Long Adjectives
the most
Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.
This is the most important subject in this book.

107. Comparing Adjectives
2. Comparing Long Adjectives
good better than the best
bad worse than the worst
many more than the most
much
little less than the least
far farther than the farthest
Adel is better than his brother at school.
This girl is the worst one in her class.

108. as……..as
not as….as
as……..as
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.
not as……..as
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.

109. Adverbs
An Adverb always modifies a verb.
Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the
adjectives.
ly
nice nicely slow slowly
happy happily
careful carefully

110. Adverbs
There are many kinds of adverbs:
Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
I closed the window carefully.
The soldier fought bravely.
Adverbs of time express the time when an action is or was done.
I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
What’s going to happen next?

111. Adverbs
Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
I shall stand here.
I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of
them refer to time.
ly
daily weekly
monthly yearly
A daily newspaper is published daily.
We get up early to catch an early train.

112. Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency tell how often we do something
always often
usually sometimes
seldom rarely
never occasionally
Verb to BE:
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs:
Ali sometimes reads a book.

113. Adverbial Clause of Time
Conjunctions
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after,
before, until, since
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of
time with the main sentence.
I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

114. Adverbial Clause of Place
Conjunctions:
where, wherever
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial
clause of place with the main sentence.
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

115. Adverbial Clause of Cause
Conjunctions:
because, since, as
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause •
of cause with the main sentence.
I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

116. Adverbial Clause of Manner
Conjunctions:
As, as if, as though
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial •
clause of manner with the main sentence.
as if
He speaks as if he were a king.
was were
It looks as if it would rain.
will would

117. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
Conjunctions:
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose
with the main sentence.
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

118. Adverbial Clause of Result
We use: to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of
result.
so adjective or adverb + that such + noun that
The man is so weak that he cannot walk.
The student walked so slowly that he reached school late.
He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
It was such a good performance that everybody applauded.

119. Adverbial Clause of Contrast
Conjunctions:
though, although
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial
clause of contrast with the main sentence.
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

120. Adverbial Clause of Contrast
Conjunctions:
as….as, so……as
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial •
clause of contrast with the main sentence.
Nabeel is as clever as his father. •
Sami is not so strong as his brother. •

121. Adverbial Clause of Condition
Conjunctions:
if, unless (if not)
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition
with the main sentence.
If we are ill, we go to bed. (conditional if type 1)
If we work hard, we will succeed. (conditional if type 1)
If we worked hard, we would succeed. (conditional if type 2)
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. (conditional if type 3)
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow. (conditional if type 1)

122. as……..as
not as….as
as……..as
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
not as……..as
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

123. Active & Passive
Statements
Questions
Command

124. Active & Passive
A. Statements
Ahmed broke the window yesterday.
Ahmed Active
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
Ahmed Passive
by

125. Active & Passive
A. Statements
Passive Active
to be
(Past participle)
by

126. Active & Passive
A. Statements
Active Passive
Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

127. Active & Passive
A. Statements
to be
am, is, are
was, were
shall be, will be
am being, is being, are being
was being, were being
has been, have been
had been
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be,
ought to be

128. Active & Passive
B. Questions
Passive Active
to be
by

129. Active & Passive
B. Questions
Active Passive
Does Ahmed write letters? Are letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?

130. Active & Passive
C. Command
Passive Active
let
be to be

131. Active & Passive
C. Command
Active Passive
Do the work. Let the work be done.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your Let this letter be sent to
friend. your friend.

132. Active & Passive
Active Passive
Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, Those novels were written by
didn’t he? Dickens, weren’t they?
Dickens didn’t write that play, That play wasn’t written by
did he? Dickens, was it?

133. Prepositions
A preposition shows the relation between the
subject and the object. There are also prepositions
of time and prepositions of place.

134. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions Use Example
on Days On Monday
Day + morning, night On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, My birthday is on June
date 10.
Special days I will travel on the
National Day.
To mean above The tea is on the table.

135. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions Use Example
in Season The trees grow in
spring.
Year I was born in 1968.
Month The test is in May.
The morning I go to work in the
morning.
The evening I go home in the
evening
To mean inside He is in the masjid.

136. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions Use Example
at Time I will come back at 2
o’clock.
Festival I will meat you at the
school festival.
Meal times I will talk to my father
at lunch.
The weekend We will travel at the
weekend.
Noon We pray at noon
everyday.
Night We sleep at night.
To mean place He is at the grocer’s.

137. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions Use Example
at at an exact He lives at number 5, King
place Fahad Street.
at work Ahmed is at work.
at the table They are standing at the
dinner table
under The cat is under the table.
in front of The teacher is in front of
the class.
to I go to school everyday.
direction/place

138. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions Use Example
in To mean Put this book in the
inside box.
In a country I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a I live in Al-Madina.
town/street
in bed The baby is in bed.
In a You were in the club
building or area last night.
In a chair Ali is sitting in his
chair.

139. Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions Use Example
with I write with a pen.
from I am from Riyadh.
behind The wall is behind the class.
between Samah is sitting between Fatma
and Salwa.
on Ali watches football on TV every
TV Saturday.
He arrives on time.
Time

140. Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions Example
in The medicine is in the bottle.
on The knife is on the table.
at Someone is at the door.
near Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between The house is between the school and the
masjid.
opposite The bank is opposite to the post office.
into The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto The water is spilling onto the floor.

141. Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions Example
off The man is falling off the chair.
out of The child is falling out of the window.
across The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above The light is over (above) the table.
The fire is under (below) the stairs.
under/below
through The ball is going through the window.
among The teacher is sitting among the
students.

142. Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions Example
in The medicine is in the bottle.
on The knife is on the table.
at Someone is at the door.
near Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between The house is between the school and
the mosque.
opposite The bank is opposite to the post office.
into The electrician is putting his hand into
the TV.
onto The water is spilling onto the floor.

143. Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions Example
round The car is going round the tree.
in front of The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of The garage is at the side of the house.
along The man is walking along the street.
next to The bank is next to the baker’s.

144. Question-Tags

145. Question-Tags
Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”
* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there?
Yes , there is.
Yes
not
* You come from the United States, don’t you?
Yes, I do.
do

146. Question-Tags
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I don’t.
2) It doesn’t take long time by car, does it?
No, it doesn’t.
do/does
3) You didn’t travel last year, did you?
No, I didn’t.
did

147. Conditional “if”
) if + present will
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
If you eat too much, you will become fat.

148. Conditional “if”
2) if + past would
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
would
if + subject + past subject+ would
was were be
If I were you, I would buy a new car.

149. Conditional “if”
3) if + had + would have
If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.
If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.

150. Conditional “if”
0) if + present present
If you boil water, it becomes steam.
becomes
0) if + present instructions
If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.
If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or Don’t drive a car if you are
under 17.

151. Reported Speech
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
1) Statement
2) Question
3) Command
4) Exclamation

152. Reported Speech
Statement
Direct Indirect
“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.
“We are happy” They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the She said that she had not been to
school library recently”. the school library recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you He told me that he would see me
tomorrow”. the next day.
They said to him: “We shall see you They told him that they would see
tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed”. him the next day and added that
and added that they would visit Ahmed.
say, says
She says: “I will cook the food She says that she will cook the
tomorrow”. food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing
football now.

153. Reported Speech
Question
Reported Direct
asked -
Present Past
Past Past Perfect
-
-
-

154. Reported Speech
Question
Direct Indirect
“What is your name?” He asked me what my name was.
“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was
late.
“Where is your book?” He asked me where my book was.
if
if
“ Is your school very large?” He asked me if my school was
very large..
do does
“ Where do you live?” He asked me where I lived.
“Does he go to school?” I asked him if he went to school.

155. Reported Speech
Question
Direct Indirect
did
had past participle
“Where did you go yesterday?” Sami asked me where I had gone
the day before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?” Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought
a new car.
ask, asks
“Who is your English teacher?” They ask me who my English
teacher is.
“What are your marks?” He asks me what my marks are.

156. Reported Speech
Command
Reported Direct
ordered -
begged
advised
told
to -
Please, do -
-

157. Reported Speech
Command
Direct Indirect
He said to the servant: “bring me He ordered the servant to
a glass of water”. bring him a glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please The son begged his father to
give me some money”. give him some money.
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot The doctor advised me to
of water”. drink a lot of water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the He told me not to go to the
market tonight”. market that night.

158. Reported Speech
Exclamation
Reported Direct
-1
with regret with anger
with joy with admiration
with sadness
that -2
-3
how, what
Alas, Hurrah, Oh

159. Reported Speech
Exclamation
Direct Indirect
He said : “Alas! I will not find He said with sorrow that he
my money”. would not find his money.
He said : “How foolish I have He said with regret that he
been”. had been foolish.

160. Countries and Nationalities
i, n, ian, ish, ese
Country Nationality Country Nationality
Saudi Arabia Saudi Britain British
Turkey Turkish
Oman Omani
China Chinese
Algeria Algerian
Lebanon Lebanese
Libya Libyan
France French
Palestine Palestinian
Switzerland Swiss
Syria Syrian

161. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Prepared by: Mulla (2002) 
Reference: “Grammar For All Levels” by Adnan Naim 
Edited by: Dr Saif H. Al-Ansari 