This document discusses several advances in genetics including genetic engineering, the human genome project, and transgenic organisms. It describes techniques like selective breeding, recombinant DNA, cloning, and how genetically modified plants and animals are created. Recombinant DNA technology involves using restriction enzymes to cut and combine DNA from different organisms, which can then be inserted into bacteria or plant cells. The human genome project mapped the entire human genome to identify all human genes. Transgenic organisms have DNA from other species inserted into their genomes, and are used in research and to produce human proteins.

1. Advances in Genetics
Genetic Engineering & Human
Genome
• Genetic Engineers can
alter the DNA code of
living organisms.
• Selective Breeding
• Recombinant DNA
• Cloning
• Transgenic Organisms
• Human Genome

2. Selective Breeding
• Breed only those
plants or animals with
desirable traits
• People have been
using selective
breeding for 1000’s of
years with farm crops
and domesticated
animals.

3. Inbreeding; Crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics.
Ex. Inbred organisms have alleles that are very similar to those of their parents.
Hybridization; Breeders cross two genetically different individuals.
Ex. Some one needs to breed the best traits that might help him to increase his
income.

4. Gene therapy by recombination
of DNA
• The ability to combine
the DNA of one
organism with the
DNA of another
organism.
• Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970’s
with bacteria.

5. Recombinant Bacteria
1. Remove bacterial DNA
(plasmid).
2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with
“restriction enzymes”.
3. Cut the DNA from another
organism with “restriction
enzymes”.
4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA
together with another enzyme
and insert them into bacteria.
5. Reproduce the recombinant
bacteria.
6. The foreign genes will be
expressed in the bacteria.

6. Benefits of Recombinant
Bacteria
1. Bacteria can make human insulin or
human growth hormone.
1. Gene therapy is used for treatment of
some serious diseases such as
Hemophilia by replacing the defective
allele on the X chromosome.

7. The DNA of plants and animals
can also be altered.
PLANTS
1. disease-resistant and
insect-resistant crops
2. Hardier fruit
3. 70-75% of food in
supermarket is
genetically modified.

8. How to Create a Genetically
Modified Plant
1.Create recombinant
bacteria with desired
gene.
2. Allow the bacteria to
“infect" the plant cells.
3. Desired gene is
inserted into plant
chromosomes.

9. Cloning
A clone is an organism that has exactly
the same genes as organism from
which it was produced
Human Genome Project
A genome is all the DNA in one cell of
an organism, its main goal was to
identify the DNA sequence of every
gene in the human genome.

10. Genetically modified organisms are
called transgenic organisms.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
1. Mice – used to study human
immune system
2. Chickens – more resistant to
infections
3. Cows – increase milk supply
and leaner meat
4. Goats, sheep and pigs –
produce human proteins in
their milk

11. Human DNA in
a Goat Cell
This goat contains a human
gene that codes for a blood
clotting agent. The blood
clotting agent can be harvested
in the goat’s milk.
.
Transgenic Goat

12. Desired DNA
is
added to an
egg cell.
How to Create a
Transgenic Animal

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