2012亞洲NGOs援助與發展研討會 主講人：日本非營利組織國際合作中心（Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation - JANIC）理事長 大橋正明 先生

1. The Operation and Challenges for NGO Platforms:
The March 11 Disaster and JANIC
@2012 Asia NGO International Dev. Conference
in Taipei, Taiwan
OHASHI Masaaki (大橋正明）
Chairperson,
Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation
1

2. Contents
1. Personal Profile
2. The Great East Japan Earthquake and Japanese NGOs (DVD, 21min.)
3. “NGO” – definition and roles in Japan
4. About JANIC
5. Overview of Great East Japan Earthquake (Mar 11, 2011)
6. Responses by Governments (National, local, Social Welfare Councils)
7. Responses by NGOs
8. Overview of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
9.
1
Responses by Public and NGOs
2

3. 1. Personal Profile
3

4. Personal Profile – OHASHI Masaaki（大橋正
明）
Present Professor (NGO Studies & South Asia Studies), Keisen University / Keisen University Graduate
School of Peace Studies 恵泉女学園大学・大学院平和学研究科
Chairperson, Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation (JANIC) （国際協力NGOセン
ター）
Vice Chairperson, SHAPLA NEER = Citizens‟ Committee in Japan for Overseas Supports
シャプラニール＝市民による海外協力の会
Vice Chairperson, Japan NPO Center （日本NPOセンター）
Vice President, Japan Society for International development (JASID=国際開発学会)
Board Member, AYUS Buddhist Network for International Cooperation アーユス仏教国際協力ネットワーク
Treasurer, COMET (Social Welfare Cooperation for the mentally impaired) （社会福祉法人コメット）
„90-‟93 Deputy Head of Delegation / Development Delegate in Bangladesh, International Federation of Red
Cross & Red Crescent Societies & Japanese Red Cross Society (Bangladesh) 国際赤十字・赤新月社連
盟
„88-‟90 Graduate Student of International Agriculture & Rural Development, Cornel University (USA)
„82-‟87 Secretary General, SHAPLA NEER (Tokyo, JAPAN)
„80-‟82 Field Director, SHAPLA NEER (Bangladesh)
„79-‟80 Indian Government Scholarship Student in Hindi Language, Central Institute of Hindi (Delhi, India)
78 Graduated from Waseda University (早稲田大学政治経済学部卒業）
Correspondence E-mail: ohashi@keisen.ac.jp
4 4

5. 2. “The Great East Japan Earthquake and Japanese NGOs：
From Emergency Relief to Reconstruction, A Turning Point for the Future”
（東日本大震災と国際協力NGO）
(DVD, 21min. Produced by JANIC)
5

6. 3. “NGO” – definition and roles in Japan
6

7. General Definition of NGO in Japan
One part of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs),
which are mainly working for global issues,
such as; - International cooperation to Poverty Reduction/Development,
- Environment,
- Human Rights/Discriminations,
- Peace/Disarmament, etc.
 Non profit= no dividend to sponsor ⇒ profit reinvested for the aim
 Non government= not only different, but fully independent
 Voluntarism= citizens‟ own initiatives for (global) public interest
7 Reference：The Directory of International Cooperative NGOs 『国際協力ＮＧＯダイレクリー』

8. Unique Definition of NGO & NPO in Japan
 NGO=Non Government Organizations;
CSOs mainly working and cooperating internationally on
global-scale issues.
- Approx. 500.
- Mostly with larger funds/scales than NPOs
- Some NGO Networks
 NPO=Non Profit Organizations;
CSOs active in solving domestic and local social issues.
- Number unknown , but 45,542 registered as incorporated NPO as of May 31, „12.
- Mostly with smaller funds/scales than NGOs
- Some Intermediary Supporting Organizations, such as Japan NPO Center,
some are established with assistance of local governments
8

9. Laws for Registering Public Interest Private Organizations
in Japan
PICs
as Associations
and Foundations,
some are regarded
more as NGOs than
as Asso. &
Foundation
NPOs and NGOs
Source:
http://www.kohokyo.or.
jp/english/eng_index.h
tml
9

10. 日本の市民社会組織の法人制度とNGO
Legal View on CSOs, Public Interest Corporations(PICs) &
NGOs/NPOs
1. Association and Foundation 1. 社団法人と財団法人
→General Incorporated Association and 財団
Foundation →一般社団法人、一般財団法
Foundation 人
・社団
⇒Public Interest Association and Foundation ⇒公益社団法人、公益財団法
Association
人
2．Non-Registered Organization
CSO N
N G ２．任意団体/人格なき社団
3. NPO & other PIC based on Special Laws
P O
→Non-Profit Organization（NPO incl.
O 他の特定公益法人（特別法）
NGO)
→NPO法人(NGOを含む）
⇒Authorized NPOs
⇒認定NPO法人
→Social Welfare Corporations
→社会福祉法人
→Private School Corporations
→学校法人（私立学校）
→Medical Corporation
→医療法人（私立病院）
→Religious Corporations
→宗教法人
→Other PICs 出典：公益法人協会 10
http://www.kohokyo.or.jp/english/Charitable%20organizations%20in%20Japan/legal
%20framework.html
→その他の特定公益法人
出典：公益法人協会の図を参考に論者作成

11. Number of NGOs Established and Shift in Ｔotal Ｎ
umber
45 500
40 Number of NGOs Established 450
Total number of NGOs
35 400
Number of NGOs
Total Number of NGOs
30 350
300
25
250
20 団体数：400～500
200
15 150
10 100
5 50
0 0
出典：『国際協力ＮＧＯダイレクト
11

12. Areas where Japanese NGOs Operate
EU North
（7%） America
（1 %）
Asia Latin
Middle （80 % America
East ） （14%）
（12%） Oceania
Africa
（25 %） （5％）
Areas in operation expand all over the world
（in more than 92 countries） 出典：『ＮＧＯデータブック20１１』
12

13. 4. About JANIC
（国際協力NGOセンター）
13

14. About JANIC:
Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation
 JANIC is the largest NGO network with 97 NGO members in Japan
 3 pillars of activities
1) Research/Advocacy on Global issues and ODA policies
2) Promotion of the Understanding on NGOs and Cooperation with other
sectors
3) Capacity Building and Strengthening of Social Responsibility of NGOs
4
■Collaborate with overseas network, such as InterAction (USA), KCOC (Korea)
14 14

15. Other NGO Networks in Japan
1. Local Networks (地域ネットワーク）
‐Kansai NGO Council (関西NGO協議会）
‐Nagoya NGO Center (名古屋NGOセンター）
‐Fukuoka NGO Network (福岡NGOネットワーク）
‐Yokohama NGO Network (横浜NGOネットワーク, etc.
2. Issue Based Networks (課題別ネットワーク）
‐Japan Platform (JPF):emergency humanitarian aid collaborating with
GOJ & business sector (Keidanren)
- Japan NGO Network for Education (JNNE) for Education, etc.
3. Country-Wise NGO Networks (国別ネットワーク） ；Nepal,
Cambodia
15

16. 5. Overview of
Great East Japan Earthquake
東日本大震災概観
(Mar 11, 2011)
16

17. The Great East Japan Earthquake
 Time: 14:46 of March 11, 2011
 Moment Magnitude: 9.0Mw
 No. of Victims: dead= 15,870, missing= 2,814, in total= 18,684 as of 11 Sep., 2012
source: National Police Agency http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo.pdf),
 Fleeing & relocated: 343,334 as of 11 Sep, 2012. in Temporary Houses, Temporary
Rented Houses, Relative‟s Houses, etc.
sources: http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/4362.html
 Age-specific death rate: over 80s;22.1% / 70s;24% / 60s; 19%
20s, 10s and less than 10; 4% or less each
 Affected Houses/Buildings: fully destroyed; 115,163 / half; 162,015 / partially; 559,321
 Affected Boats:22,000
 Affected Agri. Field:23,600ha
17

18. The Great East Japan EQ vs Other major EQs
sources: http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo.pdf & Moment
http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/4362.htm, etc.
Magnitude No. of Victims
(Mw )
Great East Japan E. in 11 9.0 18,684
Haiti EQ. in 10 7.0 316,000
Great Sichuan EQ. in 08 7.9 68,000
Sumatra-Andaman EQ. in 04 9.3 220,000
921 EQ. in Taiwan in 99 7.6 2,415
Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) EQ. in 95 6.9 6,434
18

19. Age and Gender of Victims
Victims by Ages and Sexes Population in the affected Area
Female女性 Male男性
Less than 9
Points:
1) Aged people are more victimized than youngers. Victims of less than 20 is 6.5% against 18.5%.
2) 92.4% of Victims were drowning due to tsunami, while 1.1% by fire & 4.4% by crushed under houses & others due to
earthquake.
Note: The figures are % against (male+female) of all ages. Victims are in the Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures and these numbers are reported by police.
19
The19
population date is from the 2010 National Census.
Reference: Disaster Prevention Report 2011 and http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/4363f.html

20. Casualties by prefecture (as of July 8, 2011)
20

21. 21 21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Tohoku_earthquake_observed_tsunami_heights_en.png

22. Ria (or Saw-Toothed) Coasts &
much higher Tsunami in the areas
22 http://www.jma-net.go.jp/takamatsu/8/8-2/8-2-
source：IPA「教育用画像素材集サイト」 http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/ 3/68.pdf#search='遡上メカニズム 津波'

23. Tsunami Heights;
10M in Straight Coastlines, while 40M in Ria Coasts
出典：
23 http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honka
wa/4363b.html

24. 4/1宮城県沿岸部の被災状況、海面から数百メートル離れた所に、津波が駆け上がった
24
模様

25. 4/1 宮城県沿岸部の被災状況、ガソリンスタンドの鉄骨だけが残って
25

26. 4/1 宮城県沿岸部の被災状況、ガソリンスタンドの鉄骨だけが残って
26

27. 27 27

28. 4/8岩手県沿岸部被災状況、学校を除いて全てが消
滅
28

29. 4/8岩手県大槌町の息をのむ状況
29

30. 4/8岩手県大槌町の息をのむ状況、津波後に火災が起きた
30

31. 31
The half buried Signboard says this as the Town Hall of Otsuchi-Ch

32. 32
This 3 story-building is fallen down toward the sea, demonstrating the mightiness of falling
tides of the Tsunami. Taken on 14 Apr. 11 in Miyagi Pref.

33. 6. Responses by Governments
National, Local,
Social Welfare Councils
（中央政府、地方自治体、社会福祉協議
会
33

34. Emergency Evacuation Center
800 Evacuees staying messy at
Gymnasium of Junior High School
in Iwate Pref. at March 29 ⇒
©Olav Saltbones
There was about 700 such centers in March,
2011 incl. 115 hotels and inns.
⇇ 400 Evacuees staying in cells
partitioned by cardboards at the
same Gym. at June 21
34
Photoes: Japan Red Cross Society
http://www.jrc.or.jp/photo/l3/Vcms3_00002061.html

35. Temporary Houses
Local Governments hurried constructed these
Temporary Houses in 910 sites, most of
which locate isolated places, inconvenient for
shopping and hospital. Taken on Jun.21,2011
⇒
Photoes: Japan Red Cross Society
http://www.jrc.or.jp/photo/l3/Vcms3_00002061.html
⇇ Each house has 2~3 small rooms and
equipped with basic furniture provided by Red
Cross, NGO/NPOs and others. Each 50 houses
a community hall is available to promote mutual
relations & prevent lonely death cases.
©Nobuyuki Kobayashi(on Apr.14, 2011)
35

36. ⇇After 11 months, debris are mostly
removed from affected places. Both pictures
are taken on Feb. 19, 2012 in Iwate Pref.
Debris are piled up at many locations as disposal
of these are over capacity for local governments.
Plans to rebuild towns/cities are prepared, but
still re-constructions have yet started, probably
due to complicated processes and tremendous
costs.
36 ⇒

37. Views of Iwate & Miyagi after 1.5 Years
37 37

38. Views of Iwate & Miyagi after 1.5 Years
38

39. Stages for 3/11 Relief and Rehabilitation
after self & mutual rescuer/help in Disaster
• Disaster~72 Hours: Self+Mutual Help followed by/with Emergency Rescue and Relief
• 3 ~7 days: Emergency Rescuer and Relief
- main actors are residents and prepared organizations (such as Police, Fire Fighters,
SDF/Army, local govt., large NGOs/CSOs)
• 7 days~3 months: Emergency Relief in full-swing by various public & private actors, incl. NGOs, NPOs,
private companies, cooperatives, hospitals/MDs etc.. Most victims (max.450 thousand) stayed at make-
shift evacuation centers, depending on external supplies/supports
• 3 ~ 6 months: Recovery and Rehabilitation, as most victims gradually
move to rented houses or temporary shelters, hurriedly constructed by local
govt. , managing their lives by themselves. The Locations are remote and
habitants tend to be isolated, thus needs of help for transportation etc.
• 6 months~: Rehabilitation, resume jobs, plan villages/towns reconstruction.
39

40. Govt. Mechanism for Relief & Rehabilitation
(R.&R.) to the 3/11-1
 Public Administrations in Japan=3 tire system;
i) Municipal/Local Govt.(Village, Town, City),
ii) Prefectural Govt.(in Japan 47 Prefectures, like Dahrah) and
iii) Central Govt. in Tokyo
 Disaster Responding Unit (DRU、災害対策本部) at Each Admi. Level
 Central DRU at PM office supplied major food and other essentials in the beginning,
assigning many private companies for supplies & transportations
 Local Fire-fighters, Polices and Delf-Defence Force (SDF) rescued many, and recovered
remains.
40

41. Main Actors for Relief & Rehabilitation
(except local actors and people)
 Central Govt. ⇒ Prefectural Govt.
⇒Local Govt. (City, Town or Village)
 Self-Defense Forces(SDF) and US Army
 Rescue Teams from various countries (for short period)
 Japan Red Cross Society (Hospitals and local volunteers)
 Social Welfare Councils (National→Pref.→Local)
⇒volunteer centers
 NGOｓ and NPOs (JAPAN CIVIL NETWORK for Disaster Relief in East Japan=JCN)
(OCHA declined the need of foreign volunteers.)
41

42. Govt. Mechanism for R. & R. to the 3/11-2
 Prefecture DRUs were the focal point to assist municipal DRUs for
emergency relief
 Municipal DRUs looks after every aspects in field
 SDF mobilized 100,000 members out of 240,000 for rescue, transportation,
feeding, clearing wreckage and so on, ending its operations in Aug. (and in
Dec. in Fukushima).
 Most DRUs have later been renamed as Reconstruction Head-Quaters (RHQ,
災害復興対策本部) in Jul.~Sept.11.
 PM office founded Disaster Volunteer Cooperation Room (DVCR) with a
Special Assistant to PM on Mar. 15, which was the primary window for NGOs
& NPOs, up to 16 Sept. 11
42

43. Social Welfare Councils, Volunteers
 3 tires of Social Welfare Councils (SWC)same to Govt.
 Observing massive emergence as well as occurrences of many problems
-with them (miss-matching, useless/ harmful actions, accommodation,
equipment etc.) of volunteers in Hanshin-Awaji Earthquakes and other
major ones, prefecture & municipal SWC are to open Disaster Volunteer
Center (DVC) to coordinate volunteers who like to support the affected for
6~8 months.
 National SWC, Japan Community Chest, Japan NPO Center, Keidanren
(Japan Business Federation) and some NGO/NPO established Disaster
Volunteer Support Project (Support-P) to assist DVCs by finance and
provision of trained personnel for volunteer management.
43

44. Numbers of Evacuees and Volunteers
Changes in Numbers of Evacuees Changes of Volunteers registered
in Evacuation Centers at DVCs
In Total
Iwate P.
Miyagi P
Fukushi
ma P.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
d w m Upt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a o o1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e
y n M S
e 1A J J A O N
s t
k pr a u ul u e C O
h y n y g. p. T. V.
All over Japan The 3 affected Pref.
44 Source: National Social Welfare Council & JANIC
Source: GOJ DRHQ Web & JANIC

45. 45 45
Volunteers from all over Japan in front of Tono Volunteer Center in a morning meeting

46. Inside DVC of Kesen-numa city, staff are also volunteers from the area and NGO/NPO for various works
46 46
such as matching with local needs and external volunteers, safety etc..

47. 47 47
Tents for Registration of Daily volunteers in DVC of Kesen-numa city

48. Volunteer Center & Recovery Center in Miyagi
after 1.5 Years
48

49. 7. Responses by NGOs
49

50. NGO Response
 19 NGOs responded within 72 hours
 Another 18 NGOs responded within 1 week
 Japan Platform （JPF）, emergency funding mechanism,
swiftly released required initial budget to their member NGOs
out of 5 billion Japanese yen (40 million USD), which made
early intervention possible.
 Capacity to mobilize resources and international experience
made immediate response of NGO possible.
 Currently over 50 JANIC member NGOs are operating in the
disaster stricken area and some others providing backup
assistance from the metropolitan area.
50

51. NGO Intervention Timing (1)
Emergency Stage (within 72 hrs)
1. Emergency medical care
 AMDA Japan, Doctors without Borders, Services for the Health in Asian &
African Regions (SHARE)
2. Delivery and distribution of emergency goods
 Associations for Aid and Relief (AAR), Peace Winds Japan、JEN、World
Vision Japan, ADRA Japan, NICCO, Good Neighbors Japan, Care International
Japan, Japan Association for Refugees, International Volunteer Center of
Yamagata (IVY)
3. Support of Disaster Volunteer Centers (DVC)
 Shanti Volunteer Association (SVA), Peace Boat
4. Child care
 Save the Children, Children without Borders, Child Fund Japan
51

52. NGO Intervention Timing (2)
Emergency to Recovery Stage (within 1 week)
 ACE
 Bridge Asia Japan (BAJ)
 Campaign for the Children of Palestine (CCP)
 Caring for Young Refugees (CYR)
 Foundation for International Development/Relief （FIDR)
 Habitat for Humanity Japan
 ICAN
 International Cultural Association (ICA)
 JOICEP
 Japan Asian Association and Asian Friendship Society (JAFS)
 Japan International Volunteer Center (JVC)
 Japan Overseas Christian Medical Cooperative Service (JOCS)
 Japan Team of Young Human Power (JHP)
 Life with Friends on the Earth (LIFE)
 Medicins du Monde Japon
 OXFAM Japan
 Plan Japan
52  Shapla Neer=Citizens’ Committee in Japan for Overseas Supports

53. NGOs Activities from Relief to Rehabilitation in Affected Areas
Mar.~May.
Jul.~ Aug/
N
Sep.~Nov.
E T C J O
F O M C E
W R O s
O N
E V D A L O TE
T
Fin DI A L U A N O B MP
e
O F & .
C
T S E R O.
n
H
an O M E A
E P C
di
cia D
O E
C TI O G D n E
l S N T A O R R I R HO g
R
D R
N
& T A N E
US
su U S
T
R &
S & A
E v
S
pp P U
A H C L A ol
ort
L M I E A O T T SU u
PL P C
G
A
N M AI I I PP
Y P A N L M O OR
nt
I. D
M T O e
53 L R
T G H
U
N
T er 53
E NI N 出典：JANIC（2011年11月）
Y

54. NGOs Locations：
Apparently less in Fukushima Pref.
No. of
NGOs
集計) Operate from
54 Iwate P. Miyagi P. Fukushima P HQ others

55. Soup-run/
Distribution of goods
Distribution of goods to residents
in temporary housings
(ADRA Japan, Watari, Miyagi)
Soup-run to city officials
(ADRA Japan, Yamamoto, Miyagi)
55 55

56. Distribution of goods
Distribution of cooling fans and
clothes
(AAR, evacuation center in
Yamada, Iwate, June 27,
2011)
Clean-up and distribution of
bedding materials
(AAR, primary school
gymnasium used as evacuation
center in Minami-sanriku, Miyagi,
June 18, 2011)
56 56

57. Health
Health Consultation Team staff
confirming the schedule of
mobile visit patrol
(SHARE, Kesennuma, Miyagi)
A volunteer nurse conduct
hearing to the elders
(SHARE, Kesennuma, Miyagi)
57 57

58. Children/Psycho-social Care
Child-friendly space in a temporary tent
(CCP, Ando Primary School, Ohtsuchi,
Iwate, April 7, 2011)
Recover memorial photos from
rubbles
(CCP, Ohtsuchi, Iwate, June 3, 2011)
58 58

59. Job Creation/
Early Recovery
Survivors hired by “Cash-for-Work”
project cleaning up washed up
ocean mud in the house and
ditches
(IVY, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, June 7,
2011)
59 59

60. Support in Temporary
Housings
Distribution of daily
necessities & household
(JEN, Ishinomaki, Miyagi)
Volunteers cleaning up mud from
the ocean in the road ditches
(JEN, Ishinomaki, Miyagi)
60 60

61. JANIC’s Response and Functions Backup support
1. INFORMATION: Information collection and sharing
• Web site, mailing list, information exchange meeting,
• Relief information from field liaison offices in 3 prefectures (now 2)
2. FACILITATION: NGOs, public institutions, funding agencies, private companies
(incl. those from overseas)
• Manpower, financial, and logistic support, needs-matching, CSR promotion
3. ADVOCACY/NETWORKING: Negotiation, policy recommendation and collaboration
with other sectors
• Cabinet Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Disaster Volunteer Centers, prefectural
governments, international organizations
4. DOCUMENTATION: Document experiences and lessons for future events
• Video, records and publications
61

62. Information
NGO Information Sharing Meeting
 Platform and meeting place for
information exchange and needs
matching among NGOs, corporate
CSR, donors, and other
stakeholders
 21 times, 383 organizations, 442
participants
NGO Information Sharing Meeting
(April 2, 2011)
62

63. Information
Web Site/Mailing List/SNS/Meetings
 Specialized means to release and
exchange information regarding
relief activities and needs in the
field
 Matching records
(as of early June, Category Total
2011) Fund 27
 Web/SNS Goods 14
105,000 hits Manpower 12
(Japanese site) Logistics 3
Specialized sites opened 6,000 hits
Misc 2
(English site)
immediately for disaster relief both as of Aug. 2011 Grand Total 58
in Japanese and English
63

64. Facilitation
Logistical Support by our Prefectural Field
Offices
(Miyagi  Iwate  Fukushima)
 First-hand information gathering in the field
 Info exchange & collaboration with other
actors (local, public, private)
 Back-up support to NGOs
 Needs matching
Collaboration with local agencies JANIC!
in 3 field offices: > 50 in Tono
(“Tono Magokoro Net” in Iwate)
64 64

65. Facilitation
Manpower Support
 NGO staff dispatched to help field
administration at the Disaster
Volunteer Centers (DVCs)
 Ex-JOCVs to NGOs
Financial Support
 Set up an untied “NGO Relief Fund”
and raised approx. 1 million USD,
which released to over 30 NGOs
operating on the ground
Devised a system to send NGO staff Logistic Support
to Disaster Volunteer Centers (DVC)
(ACE, Yamamoto, Miyagi)  Computers: >60
 Mobile phone: approx. 100, etc.
65

66. Advocacy & Networking
Advocacy to the Public Sector
 In NGOs activities, ODAs, cross-
sector collaboration
Mainstreaming Int‟l Standards
 Right-based approach
 Gender mainstreaming
Networking
 National, prefectural, municipality
Seminar on gender in disaster levels
(Sendai, Miyagi)  Public, private, CSO sectors
66

67. Networking by JANIC in the East Japan Disaster Relief
 International level
 Global network: InterAction (USA), Korea NGO Council for Overseas Cooperation (KCOC) ,
etc.
 UN and international agencies
 Overseas donors
 National level
 National government: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Disaster Volunteer Cooperation Office in
Cabinet Office
 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
 CSR networks with corporate sector
 Japan Platform (JPF)
 Joint Committee for Coordinating and Supporting Voluntary Disaster Relief Activities (Shien-P)
 Japan Civil Networks (JCN)
 Prefectural level
 Disaster Volunteer Centers
 Local level
 Disaster Volunteer Centers
 Tono Magokoro Net
67  Other local NPOs, CBOs, and local groups

68. Documentation
Documentary Video
 To promotion NGO relief and
rehabilitation operation
 To record it for future reference
Comprehensive Report
 To draw lessons and
recommendations for similar future
events
DVD shooting to promote and  To formulate an action plan to
prepare for the future event
document NGO activities
(Otsuchi, Iwate)
68 68

69. In sum… JANIC Bridging “outside and inside”
overseas
JANIC
/JPF
domestic disaster area
Needs, resource & information (manpower, goods, money, institution)
69

70. Current Change in Principal Actors
Emergency Recovery Rehabilitation
Smooth transition
NGOs with a mobility
NGOs
Coordination & assistance by JANIC
NPOs, CBOs, local groups, survivors
70

71. Challenges for NGOs for a future Big Disaster in Japan
Not Well Prepared except some large/exceptional NGOs before the 3/11
⇒For the possibly coming Tokai Great Earthquake, make us prepared ASAP
1. Fund Reservation in and for NGOs: JPF was quick and had a large amount, but was no fund
provision for non-JPF small-median NGOs ⇒ a new mechanize or alert the present system.
This may prevents donation reduction for int’l cooperation.
2. Trainings & knowledge: NGO staff should take more professional trainings for, and learn
about disaster relief and rehabilitation, reflecting international standards to the domestic disaster
3. Collaboration and coordination mechanisms or networking across various sectors and
among potential disaster regions
4. More involvements in Fukushima is required, but not easy.
71

72. 8. Overview of Fukushima
Nuclear Disaster
72

73. Fukushima Nuclear Disaster:
Totally broken Safety Myth
73 73

74. The Massive Radiation Leaking
 Japan Govt. raised the severity of the nuclear crisis to the level 7, par with
Chernobyl, from 5. in 12 Apr.
 According to the latest estimates, 770,000 tera (1012 or Trillion)
Becquerels(Bq) of radiation seeped from troubled Fukushima reactors
in the week after the tsunami.
 This is more than double the initial estimate of 370,000 tera Bq.
 This amount is about 20% of the official estimate for Chernobyl in 1986.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/07/japan-doubles-fukushima-radiation-leak-estimate
74

75. 4 points out of thousands Battle Lines of People (1)
1. External Exposure: Upper Limit of radiation dose
per year was 1 milli-Sivert (mSv)/year, but raised to
20 mSv/year after the 3.11 (For N.P.S. worker:100 mSv/5-
years to 250mSv/5y)
＊1 mSv = 1000 μSv, but be aware that mSv is for one year, while μSv is for one hour in general.
＊1mSv/year（or 1000 μSv/year)≒
{(0.23μSv/h×8ｈｓ）+（0.23μSv/h÷4×16hs}×365days
(By GOJ, a person stay 8hs outside and 16hs inside where the radiation
doze is ¼ of the outside)
The above Formula of calculating yearly dose may neglect possible higher
exposures from small hotspots and grounds/soil, as children are much
75
closer to ground.

76. 4 points out of thousands Battle Lines of People (2)
2. Internal Exposure: by intake of
contaminated dusts, water and foods
3. People‟s Radiation Measuring Activities
4. Calls for “Save Children” by Evacuations
76 76

77. 1. External Exposure: Evacuation due to high radiation risk-1 (2011)
 Evacuation Level: Risk of more than
20 mSv/year radiation exposore
 Evacuation & other Areas
1) Restricted Area, w/i 20 Km of Deliberate Evacuation Area
Fukushima Daiichi NPS. Evacuated
within a few days from the Disaster.
2)Deliberate Evacuation Area, cumulative
doze might reach 20 mSv/year.
Evacuated deliberately w/I one month. Restricted Area
3) Evacuation Prepared Area: b/t 20 &30
Km, most people voluntarily N
evacuated, but govt. lifted warning P
in Aug.11. Evacuation S
Prepared Area
4) Some highly contaminated hot-spots
that are scatted in hills or drains.
77 77

78. 1. External Exposure: Evacuation due to high
radiation risk-2 (2012)
Some months ago, GOJ reduced some
restricted areas:
①Areas of 1~20 mSv/year ⇒hasten
decontamination and then approve to return
②Other reddish/yellow areas are still
restricted areas because of more than 20
mSv/year. Some are for some decades, and
some may be after some years if
decontamination continue successfully.
In general, highlands are more contaminated
due to fallouts, but gradually coming down to
foots and finally to the ocean via rivers &
ground water
78 78

79. Radiation Doses in Fukushima (μSv/hour)
Radiation Doses in
Fukushima & East
Japan on Daily New
Radiation Doses in East Japan by M/o Education (μSv/hour)
1.8~80.3 M above the ground
on 28th. (average)
Max. prior to
March 11
1 M above the
ground on 27th
Paper of Asahi on
Feb. 29, 2012
Total Radiation Doses in Fukushima since the
end of March 2011, in mSv
Shinjuku, Tokyo
79

80. GOJ’s Ministry of Education HP provide figures of air dose of radioactivity all over Japan.
The above figures are observed in Fukushima city. Some figures are well above of 0.23μSv/h.
80 80

81. EE: Dose of 1,589 residents who lives very near to Fukushima
Daiichi NPS in 4 months (excluding NPS workers)
81
mSv
Source: http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201112130145.html

82. EE: Evacuating Population from Fukushima: 157,667
(8.0% of Fukushima Prefecture population)
Evacuation In Fukushima: 95,583 as of 12 Jul., 12
Evacuation outside of Fukushima:62,084 as of 7 Jun, 12
Source: Fukushima Pref. HP
82 82
Source: IMC

83. Behind: Troubled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station on 20 Nov. 11.
No body exits except TEPCO workers and Policemen.
83 83

84. 54.84 μSv/hour above a gutter on
very near the Fukushima Daiich
84 84

85. In-Patients were hurriedly evacuated from the
Naraha Hospital, 3 Km from troubled FNPS.
85 85

86. Starved Cow Carcass in 20 Km Radius
86 86

87. Abandoned Cows in 20 Km Radius
87 87

88. Empty Tomioka Railway Station
in 20 Km Radius & Destroyed by Tsunami
88 88

89. Decontamination
=removing surface soil/leaves, washing by pressured water etc.
1) not well established tech., so even after it, radiation is not
always substantially lower
2) Who should do this? Volunteers or paid & trained
workers? How those people should be protected?
3) High costs for decontamination. Who should bear the
costs? At present, the half of the costs is borne by local
govt., but how about the other half?
4) No idea to dispose wastes (soil and other garbage) out of
decontamination, like all nuclear wastes
89

90. Photos of Decontamination
Washing a roof of house
with high-pressure water.
↓
↥
Top soil of a playground is removed
Photos: http://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-
90 8&p=%E9%99%A4%E6%9F%93
90

91. Internal Exposure (IE):
Lenient Japan’s Provisional Criteria for contaminated Water & Food, prepared only
after the Nuclear Crisis & too Lenient => Finally a new criteria ready
Provisional Criteria From 1 Apr.12
Caesium-134, Caesium-137
200 Bq/kg
Drinking water 10 Bq/kg
(10 Bq/L ICRP)
Milk and milk products 200 Bq/kg 50 Bq/kg
Vegetables 500 Bq/kg (370 Bq/kg by Japan
Grains Govt. for food import after 100 Bq/Kg
Chernobyl)
Meat, Egg, Fish and others
If one takes 200gram milk, well contaminated to the above figures every day, annual dose will be 759 μSv. from the
milk.
91

92. Internal Exposure (IE):by foods
 Sea Fishes: High radiation detected from small fish, Silver-stripe round herring
(Spratelloides gracilis) in Fukushima sea coasts a few weeks later. Still very limited fishing
and selling of sea fishes in many adjacent areas due to the high-contamination through the
bio magnification (concentration through food chain) , and also due to base-less rumor.
 Sweet Water Fishes: in Fukushima, fishing banned except carefully cultivated ones.
 Vegetables: initially many leaf-veg. were contaminated, but now much relaxed due to
established radiation measuring points .
 Meats, milk and milk products (power milk)
 Rice: large areas banned for cultivation, but some farmers prove that organic farming
prevent radiation transfer from soil to rice.
 Drinking Water: very high after 2-3days of accident. Now well checked and controlled.
92

93. 9. Responses by Public and NGOs
93

94. People’s Radiation Measuring Activities
 In General, people are more suspicious to official
announcements and figures after the Fukushima crisis.
Local governments monitors radioactivity levels of
various places food sample, but not well covered.
 Hence many initiatives to measure radiation levels in and
out of Fukushima: by concerned citizens, mothers,
famers & Fishermen (their Coops.), retailers, restaurants,
and so on.
 Now most local govt. & organizations have own
measuring machines and checking most products.
94

95. Call for “Save Children” by Evacuations
 A group of NGOs checked urine of 10 children Internal Exposure levels and
found all samples positive with around 1.0 Bq/liter.
 Several Organizations campaign to evacuate children and pregnant women
from Fukushima.
 Even short time evacuations, internally radioactive things might be
discharged.
 ⇒ practices of week-end evacuations, vacation evacuations, one semester
evacuations, if not longer evacuation.
Please see Fukushima Network for Saving Children from Radiation. http://kodomofukushima.net/
95

96. Some of Other Major Problems
 Evacuation/Housing: isolated locations, lonely aged persons ⇒ Community Rebuilding
 Unemployment/jobless/poverty (especially women)
 Livelihood Supports and Compensations by Govt. and TEPCO, plus newly created divisions
among compensation levels and not-compensated.
 Security & maintenance of unattended properties & homes
 Harmful Rumors & Discrimination
 Decontamination: high costs, health risks, long times to cover, and lack of disposal places of
contaminated soils
 Returning (or no scope for returning) to own home/town ,or not clear picture of
(temporary/permanent) Relocation. Those who can afford have already relocated personally,
with/without resident registration.
 And many other problems.
(for more info. http://www.jpn-civil.net/english/)
96

97. - Crisis in Fukushima is still on-going, and JANIC will
continue to monitor/record the unprecedented processes for sharing
these with global people, so that you will be albe to fight/protect well at the
next occasion.
- But do you really like to have Nuclear Power Station in you area/country?
Usually local people/govt. are forced to agree in front of big money and job
opportunities. Be Careful!
Local people protected themselves by wearing like this. 97
97
(taken in Iwaki city of Fukushima Prefecture on March 27, 2011)