The document discusses water reuse in Alexandria, Egypt. It notes that water demands are increasing due to population growth, while supplies remain the same, making water reuse an important challenge. Currently, industrial water reuse is limited in Alexandria due to low water prices and lack of affordable treatment technologies. The document recommends incentives to encourage reuse and advises industries to adopt technologies to improve effluent quality for reuse. Effective industrial water reuse could help minimize pollution and improve water resource management in Alexandria.

1. Presented by
Dr. Helaly Abdel Hady Helaly
Chief of Industrial wastewater, Sludge and Reuse sector.
Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Company.
Alexandria – EGYPT.
Home (tell) : 00203 381 5799 , Mobile: 002-01005201367
e-mail : drhelalley@yahoo.com

2. WATER REUSE
 Water reuse has been dubbed as the greatest challenge
of the 21st century as water supplies remain practically
the same and water demands increase because of
increasing (1)population and per capita consumption.
 Inadequate water supply and sewerage system
deterioration is serious contemporary concerns for both
industries and Alexandria sanitary drainage.

3. WATER REUSE:
Water reuse generally accomplishes two fundamental
functions[1]:
1. The treated effluent is used as a water resource for
beneficial purposes.
2. The effluent is kept out of streams, lakes and beaches;
thus reducing pollution of surface water .and
groundwater

4. WATER REUSE:
Factors that should be considered in an industrial water reuse
program include:
 Identification of water reuse opportunities.
 Determination of the minimum water quality needed for
the given use.
 Identification of wastewater sources that satisfy the water
quality requirements.
 Determination of how the water can be transported to the
new use.

5. Industrial background of Alexandria city
Alexandria is considered one of the most
economically important coastal governorates in
Egypt; it fosters 40% of the Egyptian Industries
which represents serious negative impacts on the
environment, the integrity and life expectancy of
the sewerage infrastructure as well as operation
and maintenance of the treatment facilities.

6. Industrial background of Alexandria city

7. 7
‫المالحية‬ ‫الوصلة‬
‫المكس‬ ‫مدابغ‬‫المكس‬ ‫خليج‬
‫المكس‬ ‫طلمبات‬ ‫محطة‬
‫العموم‬ ‫مصرف‬
} ‫رقم‬ ‫رقم‬ ‫خريطة‬(11) {
ElMex tanneries complexEl Mex pump stations
Different Industries,
located at the west of
Alexandria

8. 8
‫الدخيلة‬ ‫ميناء‬
‫فيبر‬ ‫ألكس‬
Different Industries, located at
the west of Alexandria
Misr
Petroleum
Amriya
Petroleum
ًWest Noubaria
drain
Misr Petroleum
Merghem Amriya
Textile
Salt and Soda Co.
Petrochemicals Co.
Sidi Krir for
petrochemicals Co.
Alex Fiber
Co.

9. Industrial background of Alexandria city
Borg El-Arab is a new industrial city within Alexandria containing
around 1200 factory distributed within four industrial zones. Since
2008, the sanitary system including the treatment plant of Borg El-
Arab was handed to Alexandria Sanitary Drainage
Industrial activities includes: food, plastics, paper, weaving, building
materials, chemical, pharmaceutical and various industries….etc.
The distribution of industrial activities was investigated to identify
type of industry and its location.

10. Industrial background of Borg el Arab city

11. Industrial background of Alexandria city
In most industries, wastewater effluents result from the following water
uses:
1) Sanitary wastewater (from washing, drinking);
2) Cooling (from disposing of excess heat to the environment);
3) Process wastewater (including both water used for making and washing
products and for removal and transport of waste and by-products);
And 4) Cleaning (including wastewater from cleaning and maintenance of
industrial areas) (Abdulrzzak Alturkmani) Company (ASDCO) for
management.

12. Current situation of industrial water reuse at
Alexandria.
 According to the Ministry of Water Resources and
Irrigation estimates, the reused water from domestic and
industrial applications will reach a value of 1.5 bcm/y in
the year 2025, which is less than 20% of the share of
domestic and industrial water used
 Most industrial effluent reuse activities are
concentrated in paper , sugar beet and Marble
industries where water is reused “as it is”, the reuse this
way is because it is an essential step in the production
process and not based on economic feasibility.

13. Current situation of industrial water reuse
at Alexandria.
According to our search no industries are willing to consider
using treated effluent from Alexandria wastewater
treatment plants in any industrial activities, due to the
concern about the:
 safety of using this effluent and the risk of loosing their
market.
 Taking into account that other sources of clean water are
available in affordable prices. However, some industries
reuse their own treated effluent within their property
(ex:Rakta Paper Company).

14. Actually
Industrial water reuse has no place
at Alexandria city
Why ?

15. The answer
is
Water price
and water price
and water price
And
Lack of available low cost industrial effluent
treatment technologies

16.  Water reuse standards must protect both public health and
the environment and must be suitable for end reuse
objectives and the method of application
 Wastewater reuse for municipal and industrial applications
so far remains a perception, religion, available technology
and politics
 Effluent reuse for industrial applications in Alexandria
city remains at the beginning stages of adoption as well
as most of the Mediterranean Countries
Governmental regulation controlling industrial
effluent reuse

17. Governmental regulation controlling industrial
effluent reuse
There is no regulation for Egyptian Industrial water reuse,
but just individual reuse activities depending on feasibility
factors, some of pollution load reduction activities and
final product quality.
Egyptian effluent reuse regulation (will be updated soon) is
only recommended for the irrigation of forestry and tree
plantations (regulated by Law No. 12 of 1984, Ministerial
Decrees No. 44 of 2000 and No. 171 of 2005) to which all
guidelines refer.

18. Different factors affecting industrial water
reuse at Alexandria
• Water Price
For most industries the price of cubic meter of water is
2.56 L.E. ( 0.33 $), + sewerage tariff (range between
75-90%), accordingly the total cost will range between
4.48 and 4.86 L.E. ( 0.58-0.64 $), this makes the
industries in no need to reuse water (unfeasible).
• Amount of water consumption
Different industrial water reuse activities are
concentrated in high consuming water industries such as
Paper and Marble. The rest of Alexandria industries
don’t give much interest in water reuse.

19. Different factors affecting industrial water
reuse at Alexandria (contd.)
• Necessity to reuse
To benefit from raw material in waste water (as a recovery
technique) ex. Paper industries.
ETAB paper company

20. Different factors affecting industrial water
reuse at Alexandria (contd.)
• Cost of industrial effluent treatment.
Most industries use end pipe treatment technology not the
new concepts of zero waste or clean production
technologies.
• Type of product
where all industries prefer to reuse industrial water in non-
food products.
• Lack of Maximum consumption limit for each industrial
sector as applied in other countries.

21. Government initiatives encouraging
industrial water recycling
• There is no governmental encouraging Incentives for
industries who reuse water.
• There is economical incentives for some industries
related to operational productivity costs.
• There is a relation between industrial water reuse and
the payment of bills of high pollution loads.
• The fear of pollution penalties could be a reuse
forcing action.

22. Recommendations to enhance industrial
water reuse .
• There should be Incentives from the government for
industries who reuse water.
• Advising industries to use zero waste or clean
production technologies to enhance the quality of
water to be reused.
• The reuse of Alexandria treated wastewater in
industrial applications, such as water boilers and
cooling towers, should be encouraged.

23. Recommendations to enhance industrial water
reuse.
 Industrial water reuse projects should be designed as an
integral part of the overall network water resources plan.
 Water reuse standards must protect both public health and
the environment and must be suitable for end reuse
objectives and the method of application.

24. Recommendations to enhance industrial water
reuse
 Quality standards should be consistent for direct and indirect reuse
 Quality of reclaimed water must be customized to users’ needs
 The appropriateness of the institutional framework is critical , since the
success of a reuse project requires the support of many stakeholders groups
 social acceptance of urban reuse is a matter of trust between the
citizens and water authorities

25. Why Optimise reuse in Alexandria
industries now
Optimisation of water use in industry to:
 Decreasing water withdrawals from Alexandria water
treatment plants thus increasing water availability and
improving recent water problems.
 Increasing productivity per water input.
 Decreasing waste water discharges and their pollutant
load so increasing the performance of Alexandria
wastewater treatment plants;
 Reducing thermal energy consumption and potentially
processing cost as well as minimizing the recent energy
problems .
25

26. Finally ,effective
industrial water reuse at
Alexandria city is one of
the main effective
keys of minimizing
pollution problems
impacts.

27. :REFERENCES
1. “REVIEW OF WASTEWATER REUSE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
COUNTRIES,FOCUSINGONREGULATIONSANDPOLICIES FOR
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS”, Global NEST
Journal,Vol15,No3,pp333350,2013.
2-TechnologiesForIndustrialWaterReuse
3-“PROSPECTSOFWATERREUSEINEGYPT“,El-SayedM.A.Rassoul,
Tenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC10 2006, Alexandria,
Egypt.

28. Home (tel) : 00203 381 5799 , Mobile: 002-01005201367
e-mail : drhelalley@yahoo.com