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“Dimensions increase and will continue to increase for a 
few generation and thus the most probable future in 
definable terms will mean a very large increase of 
population and energy in the city of Anthopos (man). This is 
the city where the whole mankind will live or tend to live.” 
C.A.DOXIADIS
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS 
Born 1913 
comes from a family that played an important role in the settlement of 
Greek war refugees in between the two World Wars 
Worked 
•Chief Town Planning Officer, Greater Athens Area (1937 - 1938). 
•Head, Department of Regional and Town Planning, Ministry of Public 
Works, Greece (1939 - 1945). 
Major Projects 
In the application of his theories on Ekistics, C.A. Doxiadis studied, 
programmed, planned and designed, in collaboration with his colleagues, 
a great number of human settlements and other development projects. 
These projects cover several fields, like rural settlements, agriculture and 
irrigation, industrial settlements, manufacturing, power and public works, 
commerce and tourism, transportation and communications, housing, 
urban renewal and development of new cities,etc.
EKISTICS FRAMEWORK 
Doxiadis posited a convenient way of organizing information and mapping out 
the components and relationships of the elements within the human 
settlements realm. He suggests to have a Classificatory System that will be a 
methodology to establish the hierarchical structure and links among elements 
of a system. 
Ekistics is the science of human settlements; 
this characteristic refers to functions 
expressed in space by area of certain 
dimensions. In practice, Ekistics has set the 
goal of human happiness 
His two Classificatory Dimensions… 
1. First Dimension- relative to Scale: 
* Lower End- the individual, the room, 
and the dwelling; and increases in size 
all the way into the... 
* Other Extreme- the city, the urban 
continent, and the "world-wide city"-- 
which he called an Ecumenopolis
EKISTICS FRAMEWORK 
2. Second Dimension- man's five 
Environmental Elements: 
* Nature 
* Society 
* Shells 
* Networks 
* Culture 
i. The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements 
of nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of 
man (such as buildings and roads). 
ii. The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement 
of man's actual and potential contacts. 
iii. The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the 
selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can 
keep his Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or 
Psychological discomfort. 
iv. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his 
environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of 
all sorts)and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the 
principle that leads to order, physiological and aesthetic, and that influences 
architecture and, in many respects, art.
EKISTICS FRAMEWORK 
v. Finally, and this is the fifth principle, man organizes his settlements in an attempt 
to achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization 
is dependent on time and space, on actual conditions, and on man's ability to 
create a synthesis. 
Ekistics & other Disciplines: 
In the first five volumes, it is interesting to note 
that out of a total of 105 papers, 66 (or 62.9%) 
are papers in economics, mainly regional 
economic analysis. Six papers(or5.7%) are on 
geography, and 16 (or 15.2%) on regional 
science in general. Physical planning is 
represented by 6.7% political aspects by 3.8%, 
sociology by 3.8% and transportation by 1.9%. 
It is quite clear where the center of gravity lies.
ANALYSIS 
To achieve this we must clarify what 
we mean by cities. If we have the 
wrong conception -- for example, that 
cities are “all like the City of London, 
densely built, small, traditional central 
parts of urban areas, or like the city of 
New York, multimillion people 
agglomerations with many 
skyscrapers”-- we cannot go very far. 
Preston in Lancashire presents the confusion 
created by the random development of cities in 
the 19th century. 
In all these cases we fail, not because the cities of the future may not 
be like these prototypes, but because we approach our subject with 
preconceived ideas about numbers of people, physical size, buildings, 
and styles which are a major hindrance to the conception of the cities 
of the future.
ANALYSIS 
 According to Doxiadis, the 
greatest problem facing cities 
worldwide was the problem of 
managing growth. 
 He proposed several solutions 
 to leave room for expansion of 
the city core. 
SOME OF HIS PROPOSALS 
INCLUDED: 
 Limiting all buildings to three levels 
or less, with permission to build 
higher 
 Separating automobile and 
pedestrian traffic completely. 
 Constructing cities as a "beehive" 
of cells each no bigger than 2 by 2 
kilometers, the maximum 
comfortable distance for 
pedestrians. 
Central mall in a recently 
built shopping centre 
outside Los Angeles where 
pedestrians are able to 
move free of automobile 
traffic. 
•Doxiadis limited the number of roads on campus. 
All the educational buildings are interconnected to 
permit people to walk from one to the other. 
Courtyards provide a place for meetings between 
people.
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT 
VILLAGE in Pre Urban 
area 
City in Begining Urban 
area 
Early dynapolis 
Dynapolis:-Industrial 
Era 
Metropolis:-Industrial 
Era 
Megalopolis (Large political 
units)
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT 
Ecumenopolis :- Settlement 
Of Future 
Ecumenopolis :- As Dead 
City 
Ecumenopolis :- As 
City of Life 
One of the major problems is the great confusion created by a mixing of two 
elements—of man and machine—within the cities of the present. This 
confusion, which brings man and machine into conflict in all urban areas, has 
been resolved satisfactorily in favor of the machine only for major lines of 
transportation where man as a free agent has been completely separated from 
machine and has been confined within it.
ARGUMENTS – 
RATHER QUESTIONS 
 Are dimensions actually increasing? 
 Is population growth a boon or a taboo to a 
society? 
 Do we really need to have control measures 
to curtail this growth or rather use our 
intellect, which puts us at par viz a viz 
animals and other life forms? 
 Why then cities still live, without succumbing 
to this devastating growth?
WHAT LACKS 
is needed to determine whether such lands are destined to 
become urban or not 
•But that ideal works only if the urban planning is for . Since 
most urbanisation is not green field, are our policies encouraging this integration, or 
is development just chaotic? 
•Today’s chaos may be more visible in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, 
Chennai, Kolkatta & Hyderabad. But more serious chaos is probably in other cities 
like . 
•Our modern day cities too can be planned in such a manner that limits are set to 
accommodate a 
• This equitable land distribution between the city and the village would be 
• Mega-cities interconnected with high speed transport with green fields in between. 
Integration, if at all necessary should be evolutionary and 
• A city where . With the 
planner no longer planning the city since being overtaken by an 
builders, emergence of so called millennium which lack the 
minimum social facility is evident.
ARGUMENT 
The garden cities were created outside 
the built-up area (a) in order to avoid its 
pressures, but later were absorbed by the 
dynamically expanding city (b). 
In spite of the continuing surgery, the 
dynamic city cannot be relieved of 
pressures; with more roads, more 
functions move in. 
The centre has to grow within the built-up 
area, and the dynamic city is choked to 
death.
EKISTIC PRINCIPLES DESIRABILITY OUTCOME 
Maximization of potential 
contacts 
Each individual’s need for access to other people, work, goods, and 
services, is met in ways that score positively in terms of accessibility, 
technology and cultural appropriateness. 
Minimization of effort in 
terms of energy, time and 
cost 
People can satisfy their needs (e.g. as above) without having to expend 
unnecessary time and energy. 
Optimisation of Anthropos’ 
protective space when 
alone 
People live in a human scale neighborhood which is safe and secure, where 
culturally sensitive provisions meet these needs. 
Optimisation of the quality 
of Anthropos’ relationship 
with the system of life 
People have levels of access to opportunities, and economic and social 
benefit which are fair and culturally sensitive. 
Optimization in the 
synthesis of all principles 
The humane habitat exhibits a sensitive balance in the desirability outcomes 
where quality of life and social justice reinforce the desirability to achieve a 
sustainable environment. 
Human scale re-established within the 
human community as in this one in Mosul, 
Iraq. 
Street for pedestrians only in 
Islamabad, 
Pakistan.
Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles 
Islamabad was an idea to create a “City of the Future” with the concept of 
dynapolis’, that is, a planned unidirectional linear city as the only solution to cope 
with the growth of an explosive urbanization era, relying on strong environmental 
elements and a synthesis of town planning and Architectural principles. 
Landscape 
Pattern & 
Highways 
3 Parts Of 
Metropolitan Area
Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles 
Dynamteropolis Islamabad The sketch indicates growth of functions 
in the direction of the city's future expansion. 
National Park 
Unity Of Scale
Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles 
Social Planning Pedestrian & Vechicle Traffic 
The making of the plan of Islamabad4 is an investigation and prospection into the 
landscape of the area chosen as project site for the new capital of Pakistan. The 
idea, concept and proto-form of ‘Dynapolis’, as conceived by Doxiadis, is bound to 
find its manifestation in Islamabad. The translation of dynapolis into a physical plan, 
guided by its proto-form, Landscape and the intuition of the architect is what I 
describe as the making of the plan of Islamabad.
CONCLUSION 
The fact that the frame is extra-human does not mean that we cannot create 
a human scale within it. Man will have to create once more a human scale 
within an extra human frame, which has many inhuman parts. 
The key to the solution is the creation of the 
human community as a part of a much larger 
city. 
The problem, therefore, is reshaped as a 
problem of an organized Ecumenopolis, 
consisting of many human communities that will 
be its fundamental cells, interconnected by the 
tens, hundreds, thousands, and tens of 
thousands into major urban complexes that will 
be the parts of Ecumenopolis. 
In this way, what was a natural human 
community can be immensely enlarged into 
a human city. With proper organization of 
transportation and telecommunications 
networks, the extra-human scale of the large 
city can be turned into a human one and the 
inhuman conditions now existing in many parts 
of the city can be eliminated. 
Chandigarh, the new capita! of the 
Punjab 
in India, designed by Le Corbusier in 
the 
year 1950. The drawing shows the 
initial 
master plan by Le Corbusier with the 
city 
divided into major sectors within which
CONCLUSION 
The centre has to grow within the built-up 
area, and the dynamic city is choked to 
death. 
If, in the same system as the 
preceding figure, we create new 
arteries and new cities, we can 
avoid all problems of abnormal 
growth. 
More and more, man will do all the tasks 
that present an interest and a challenge 
and leave everything else to automated 
process. 
Ecumenopolis, the unique city of man, will 
form a continuous, differentiated, but also 
unified texture consisting of many cells, the 
human communities.
REASON WHY CITIES STILL LIVE 
Vital cities have marvelous innate abilities for 
understanding , communicating, contriving and 
inventing what is required to combat their difficulties. 
Perhaps the most striking example of this ability is the 
effect that big cities have had on disease. 
Cities were once the most helpless and devastated victims 
of disease, but they became great disease conquerors. All 
the apparatus of surgery, hygiene, public health measures, 
etc. which people not only in cities but also outside them 
depend upon for the unending wars against premature 
mortality are fundamentally products of big cities and would 
be inconceivable without big cities. 
The surplus wealth, the productivity, the close-grained 
juxtaposition of talents that permit society to support 
advances such as these are themselves products of our 
organization into cities, and especially into big and dense 
cities.
Sources: 
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS 
•Ekistics: the science of human settlements 
•Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow 
•John G. Papaioannou, The City of the Future 
•W. W. Wagar, The City of Man 
Website 
www.ekistics.org 
www.doxiadis.org 
www.csiss.org/classics

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Doxiadis : Ekistics the science of human settlement

  • 1. “Dimensions increase and will continue to increase for a few generation and thus the most probable future in definable terms will mean a very large increase of population and energy in the city of Anthopos (man). This is the city where the whole mankind will live or tend to live.” C.A.DOXIADIS
  • 2. CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS Born 1913 comes from a family that played an important role in the settlement of Greek war refugees in between the two World Wars Worked •Chief Town Planning Officer, Greater Athens Area (1937 - 1938). •Head, Department of Regional and Town Planning, Ministry of Public Works, Greece (1939 - 1945). Major Projects In the application of his theories on Ekistics, C.A. Doxiadis studied, programmed, planned and designed, in collaboration with his colleagues, a great number of human settlements and other development projects. These projects cover several fields, like rural settlements, agriculture and irrigation, industrial settlements, manufacturing, power and public works, commerce and tourism, transportation and communications, housing, urban renewal and development of new cities,etc.
  • 3. EKISTICS FRAMEWORK Doxiadis posited a convenient way of organizing information and mapping out the components and relationships of the elements within the human settlements realm. He suggests to have a Classificatory System that will be a methodology to establish the hierarchical structure and links among elements of a system. Ekistics is the science of human settlements; this characteristic refers to functions expressed in space by area of certain dimensions. In practice, Ekistics has set the goal of human happiness His two Classificatory Dimensions… 1. First Dimension- relative to Scale: * Lower End- the individual, the room, and the dwelling; and increases in size all the way into the... * Other Extreme- the city, the urban continent, and the "world-wide city"-- which he called an Ecumenopolis
  • 4. EKISTICS FRAMEWORK 2. Second Dimension- man's five Environmental Elements: * Nature * Society * Shells * Networks * Culture i. The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man (such as buildings and roads). ii. The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement of man's actual and potential contacts. iii. The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can keep his Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or Psychological discomfort. iv. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all sorts)and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the principle that leads to order, physiological and aesthetic, and that influences architecture and, in many respects, art.
  • 5. EKISTICS FRAMEWORK v. Finally, and this is the fifth principle, man organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization is dependent on time and space, on actual conditions, and on man's ability to create a synthesis. Ekistics & other Disciplines: In the first five volumes, it is interesting to note that out of a total of 105 papers, 66 (or 62.9%) are papers in economics, mainly regional economic analysis. Six papers(or5.7%) are on geography, and 16 (or 15.2%) on regional science in general. Physical planning is represented by 6.7% political aspects by 3.8%, sociology by 3.8% and transportation by 1.9%. It is quite clear where the center of gravity lies.
  • 6. ANALYSIS To achieve this we must clarify what we mean by cities. If we have the wrong conception -- for example, that cities are “all like the City of London, densely built, small, traditional central parts of urban areas, or like the city of New York, multimillion people agglomerations with many skyscrapers”-- we cannot go very far. Preston in Lancashire presents the confusion created by the random development of cities in the 19th century. In all these cases we fail, not because the cities of the future may not be like these prototypes, but because we approach our subject with preconceived ideas about numbers of people, physical size, buildings, and styles which are a major hindrance to the conception of the cities of the future.
  • 7. ANALYSIS  According to Doxiadis, the greatest problem facing cities worldwide was the problem of managing growth.  He proposed several solutions  to leave room for expansion of the city core. SOME OF HIS PROPOSALS INCLUDED:  Limiting all buildings to three levels or less, with permission to build higher  Separating automobile and pedestrian traffic completely.  Constructing cities as a "beehive" of cells each no bigger than 2 by 2 kilometers, the maximum comfortable distance for pedestrians. Central mall in a recently built shopping centre outside Los Angeles where pedestrians are able to move free of automobile traffic. •Doxiadis limited the number of roads on campus. All the educational buildings are interconnected to permit people to walk from one to the other. Courtyards provide a place for meetings between people.
  • 8. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT VILLAGE in Pre Urban area City in Begining Urban area Early dynapolis Dynapolis:-Industrial Era Metropolis:-Industrial Era Megalopolis (Large political units)
  • 9. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT Ecumenopolis :- Settlement Of Future Ecumenopolis :- As Dead City Ecumenopolis :- As City of Life One of the major problems is the great confusion created by a mixing of two elements—of man and machine—within the cities of the present. This confusion, which brings man and machine into conflict in all urban areas, has been resolved satisfactorily in favor of the machine only for major lines of transportation where man as a free agent has been completely separated from machine and has been confined within it.
  • 10. ARGUMENTS – RATHER QUESTIONS  Are dimensions actually increasing?  Is population growth a boon or a taboo to a society?  Do we really need to have control measures to curtail this growth or rather use our intellect, which puts us at par viz a viz animals and other life forms?  Why then cities still live, without succumbing to this devastating growth?
  • 11. WHAT LACKS is needed to determine whether such lands are destined to become urban or not •But that ideal works only if the urban planning is for . Since most urbanisation is not green field, are our policies encouraging this integration, or is development just chaotic? •Today’s chaos may be more visible in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkatta & Hyderabad. But more serious chaos is probably in other cities like . •Our modern day cities too can be planned in such a manner that limits are set to accommodate a • This equitable land distribution between the city and the village would be • Mega-cities interconnected with high speed transport with green fields in between. Integration, if at all necessary should be evolutionary and • A city where . With the planner no longer planning the city since being overtaken by an builders, emergence of so called millennium which lack the minimum social facility is evident.
  • 12. ARGUMENT The garden cities were created outside the built-up area (a) in order to avoid its pressures, but later were absorbed by the dynamically expanding city (b). In spite of the continuing surgery, the dynamic city cannot be relieved of pressures; with more roads, more functions move in. The centre has to grow within the built-up area, and the dynamic city is choked to death.
  • 13. EKISTIC PRINCIPLES DESIRABILITY OUTCOME Maximization of potential contacts Each individual’s need for access to other people, work, goods, and services, is met in ways that score positively in terms of accessibility, technology and cultural appropriateness. Minimization of effort in terms of energy, time and cost People can satisfy their needs (e.g. as above) without having to expend unnecessary time and energy. Optimisation of Anthropos’ protective space when alone People live in a human scale neighborhood which is safe and secure, where culturally sensitive provisions meet these needs. Optimisation of the quality of Anthropos’ relationship with the system of life People have levels of access to opportunities, and economic and social benefit which are fair and culturally sensitive. Optimization in the synthesis of all principles The humane habitat exhibits a sensitive balance in the desirability outcomes where quality of life and social justice reinforce the desirability to achieve a sustainable environment. Human scale re-established within the human community as in this one in Mosul, Iraq. Street for pedestrians only in Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • 14. Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles Islamabad was an idea to create a “City of the Future” with the concept of dynapolis’, that is, a planned unidirectional linear city as the only solution to cope with the growth of an explosive urbanization era, relying on strong environmental elements and a synthesis of town planning and Architectural principles. Landscape Pattern & Highways 3 Parts Of Metropolitan Area
  • 15. Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles Dynamteropolis Islamabad The sketch indicates growth of functions in the direction of the city's future expansion. National Park Unity Of Scale
  • 16. Islamabad :Application Of Doxiadis Principles Social Planning Pedestrian & Vechicle Traffic The making of the plan of Islamabad4 is an investigation and prospection into the landscape of the area chosen as project site for the new capital of Pakistan. The idea, concept and proto-form of ‘Dynapolis’, as conceived by Doxiadis, is bound to find its manifestation in Islamabad. The translation of dynapolis into a physical plan, guided by its proto-form, Landscape and the intuition of the architect is what I describe as the making of the plan of Islamabad.
  • 17. CONCLUSION The fact that the frame is extra-human does not mean that we cannot create a human scale within it. Man will have to create once more a human scale within an extra human frame, which has many inhuman parts. The key to the solution is the creation of the human community as a part of a much larger city. The problem, therefore, is reshaped as a problem of an organized Ecumenopolis, consisting of many human communities that will be its fundamental cells, interconnected by the tens, hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands into major urban complexes that will be the parts of Ecumenopolis. In this way, what was a natural human community can be immensely enlarged into a human city. With proper organization of transportation and telecommunications networks, the extra-human scale of the large city can be turned into a human one and the inhuman conditions now existing in many parts of the city can be eliminated. Chandigarh, the new capita! of the Punjab in India, designed by Le Corbusier in the year 1950. The drawing shows the initial master plan by Le Corbusier with the city divided into major sectors within which
  • 18. CONCLUSION The centre has to grow within the built-up area, and the dynamic city is choked to death. If, in the same system as the preceding figure, we create new arteries and new cities, we can avoid all problems of abnormal growth. More and more, man will do all the tasks that present an interest and a challenge and leave everything else to automated process. Ecumenopolis, the unique city of man, will form a continuous, differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many cells, the human communities.
  • 19. REASON WHY CITIES STILL LIVE Vital cities have marvelous innate abilities for understanding , communicating, contriving and inventing what is required to combat their difficulties. Perhaps the most striking example of this ability is the effect that big cities have had on disease. Cities were once the most helpless and devastated victims of disease, but they became great disease conquerors. All the apparatus of surgery, hygiene, public health measures, etc. which people not only in cities but also outside them depend upon for the unending wars against premature mortality are fundamentally products of big cities and would be inconceivable without big cities. The surplus wealth, the productivity, the close-grained juxtaposition of talents that permit society to support advances such as these are themselves products of our organization into cities, and especially into big and dense cities.
  • 20. Sources: CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS •Ekistics: the science of human settlements •Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow •John G. Papaioannou, The City of the Future •W. W. Wagar, The City of Man Website www.ekistics.org www.doxiadis.org www.csiss.org/classics