This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other institutions in Cambodia.

1. Writing Paraphrases
AcademicWriting
Lecturer: Chhim Kimly
Class A102E,Semester 1
Year 3
CICI
Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Languages
Department of English
Group 2:
1. Men Sopanha
2. Uy Phanha
3. Men Ratha

2. Contents
1. What is paraphrasing?
2. Why to paraphrases
3. How to paraphrases
Conclusion
Reference

3. Overview
In this unit, we will learn:
▪ Different forms of avoiding plagiarism
▪ The basic guide in paraphrasing
▪ Different techniques in paraphrasing

4. 1.What is paraphrasing?
▪ A paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text
or passage using other words.
▪ “Paraphrasing involves changing a text so that it is quite
different from the source, while retaining the meaning.”
Bailey (2006)
Men Ratha

5. ▪ Paraphrasing is the way that we use our own word to
report someone else’s material.
▪ When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original
meaning and to present it in a new form.
1.What is paraphrasing?(Con.)
Men Ratha

6. ▪ Paraphrases can be longer or shorter than the original
source.
▪ When paraphrasing sources it is important to:
keep the original meaning in the source,
change the phrasing found in the original source (not just
change a couple of words),
always referenced correctly (to acknowledge you are
using others’ work).
1.What is paraphrasing?(Con.)
Men Ratha

7. 2. Why to paraphrases
▪ Paraphrases is used to change the style or the language used in
an original by your own understanding.
▪ Show your own ideas on an essential information or ideas
expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
▪ A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses
concisely on a single main idea.
▪ To avoid plagiarism.
Men Sopanha
 For general

8. 2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
Men Sopanha
▪ To show about the understanding of each student.
▪ To demonstrate that they understand what they have read.
▪ To avoid overusing quotations.
▪ To make their text ‘flow’ better.
 For student

9. ▪ As an alternative to a direct quotation.
▪ The quotation is too long
▪ The quotation does not provide enough meaning or point
of view that you wish for.
▪ To support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing.
▪ Paraphrase and summary are indispensable in
argumentative papers because they allow you to include
other people’s ideas without cluttering up your paragraphs
with quotations.
2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
 When should you paraphrase?
Men Sopanha

10. 2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
 The Similarity of Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Men Sopanha
• Does not match the source word for word
• Must be attributed to the original source
• Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source
and crafting them into new sentences within your writing.
• Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given
to the author.

11. 2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
 The Differences of Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Paraphrasing Summarizing
Involves putting a passage from a source
into your own words
Involves putting the main idea(s) into your
own words, but including only the main
point(s)
Changes the words or phrasing of a
passage, but retains and fully
communicates the original meaning
presents a broad overview, so is usually
much shorter than the original text
Men Sopanha

12.  You can learn to express important ideas in your own words.
 A paraphrasing could more flexible in the future.
 Sometime you can use fewer words than the words in the
original source.
2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
Men Sopanha
 Advantages of using paraphrasing:

13.  You can accidentally change the original meaning to be
wrong.
 Sometimes direct quotations of original author can be clear
and well expressed than yours.
2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)
Men Sopanha
 Disadvantages of using paraphrasing:

14. 3. How to paraphrases
Uy Phanha
Rules for paraphrasing:
 The paraphrase must be equally or largely in your own
words, except for standard (in the subject area) terms
and technical phrases for which there is no acceptable
substitute.
 A paraphrase must have a reference in the same way as
a quotation, including the page number(s) or the text
you have paraphrased in whole or part.

15. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
Rules for paraphrasing: (con.)
 A paraphrase does not have quotation marks unless
part of the paraphrase is a direct quotation.

16. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
Following are some techniques you can use to help you paraphrase :
1. Change a word from one part of speech to another
Original: Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are
influencing the spread of disease.
Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes
across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).

17. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
2. Use Synonyms
Original: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national
security threat.The announcement followed an intelligence report that found
high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.
Paraphrase: The government of theUnited States announced that AIDS could
harm the nation's security.The government warned the population after an
important governmental study concluded that political problems could result
from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).

18. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms
Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the
epidemic. African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population,
accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.
Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United
States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was
African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United
States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).

19. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
4. Change word order
Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million
people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub‐Saharan
Africa.
Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and
most of the victims are children who live in sub‐Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001).

20. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
5. Use different definition structures
Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium
transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to
larger animals). The disease is usually characterized by a rash followed by
flu‐like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache.
Paraphrase: Lyme disease‐a disease that causes swelling and redness‐is caused
by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to
and suck the blood of animals and humans, transferring some of the Lyme
disease bacteria into their hosts and causing symptoms similar to the flu
(Wald, 2005).

21. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
6. Use different attribution signals
Original: “That’s because there are so many different ways the diseases could
have arrived,” veterinarian MarkWalters declared in his recent book, Six
Modern Plagues.
Paraphrase: According to MarkWalters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern
Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).

22. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
7. Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words
Original: Although only about one‐tenth of the world’s population lives there,
sub‐Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percent
of the people infected with HIV during 2000.
Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in
sub‐Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest
percentage of AIDS‐related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three fourths of
the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

23. 3. How to paraphrases (con.)
Uy Phanha
8. Do not change key terms or proper nouns
Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the
edge of woods, where ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In
addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists
think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes massive
hemorrhaging in its victims.
Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built near
wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks
carrying Lyme disease. Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill
animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive
hemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004).

24. Conclusion
▪ A paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text
or passage using other words.
▪ Paraphrasing is used for:
To change the style or the language
Show your own ideas on an essential information
A more detailed restatement than a summary
To avoid plagiarism.

25. ▪ There are 8 techniques for paraphrasing:
1. Change a word from one part of speech to another
2. Use Synonyms
3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms
4. Change word order
5. Use different definition structures
6. Use different attribution signals
7. Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words
8. Do not change key terms or proper nouns
Conclusion (Con.)

26. Student Learning Common, Integrating SourcesTechniques for
Paraphrasing, Schuemann, C., Bryd, P., & Reid, J. (2006). CollegeWriting
4 (1st ed.). USA: Heinle/ELT, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase
http://www.uc.utoronto.ca/paraphrase
https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting
Reference

27. Thanks
For
Your attestation!!!