This presentation shows the importance of the Noble prize been given to Chemistry and Physics laureates this year 2014.

1. جائزتا نوبل في الفيزياء والكيمياء
2014 ...تكنولوجيا غيرت حياتنا
Nobel Prizes in Physics and
Chemistry 2014…A Technology shift
م. هيثم حجازي

2. ألفرد نوبل
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

3. حقائق عن جائزة نوبل قبل البدء
Nobel Prize Number of Prizes Number of
Laureates
Awarded to one
Laureate
Shared by two
Laureates
Shared by three
Laureates
Physics 108 199 47 31
30
Chemistry 106 169 63 22 21
Medicine 105 207 38 31 36
Literature 107 111 103 4 -
Peace 95 103+25 64 29 2
Economic
Sciences
46 75 23 17 6
Total: 567 889 338 134 95
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

4. جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء لهذا العام
2014
Efficient blue light-emitting diodes leading to bright
and energy-saving white light sources
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

5. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes leading to bright
and energy-saving white light sources
What is LED?
• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are
narrow-band light sources based
on semiconductor components
• Wavelengths ranging from the
infrared to the ultraviolet.
• First LEDs 1950s – 1960s.
Source: royal Swedish academy of sciences

6. “LED emits light at different wavelengths, from the infrared to the green. However,
emitting blue light proved to be a difficult task, which took three more decades to
achieve” ـــ Royal Swedish Academy
• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are
narrow-band light sources based
on semiconductor components
• Wavelengths ranging from the
infrared to the ultraviolet.
• First LEDs 1950s – 1960s.
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences + Blue Light:
Benefits, Hazards and Sensitivities - November 2013

7. How to generate the white light?
The Colour Mixing (CM) System
Uses three LEDs in one casing – one is red, one green
and one blue…LIVE DEMO!
Source: Blue Light: Benefits, Hazards and Sensitivities - November 2013

8. So, What have laureates done?
Gallium
nitride
“A crucial step in developing efficient blue LEDs was the growth and p
doping of alloys (AlGaN, InGaN), which are necessary in order to
produce heterojunctions” ـــــ Royal Swedish academy of sciences Source: Royal Swedish
academy of sciences

9. What are the other
benefits?
Also, Light in LCDs, Computers, Mobile phones, flash!
Image Source: http://electronicsgurukulam.blogspot.com/2012/08/what-is-blu-ray-disc.html

10. Back to the light!
¼ of the world electricity is consumed for
lighting purposes
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

11. Facts about LED
• 300 lm/W
• 50% wall-plug efficiency
• Long lifetime (100000
hours)
• 20-30% of electricity
consumed in lighting,
LEDs
• 40% power saving for
humanity!
• Promise to brighten up the
quality of life of over 1.5
billion people around the
world who lack access to
electricity grids
• Stockholm Concert Hall
reduced stage lighting
from 68,000 watts to just
7.500 watts by switching
to LED lights
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

12. More amazing figures!
19% of our electricity consumption goes for light, If all the
lights in the World were LEDs with 200 lm/W there would be
a saving of 40% of the World’s generating capacity.
given by Philips – see: http://www.newscenter.philips.com/gb_en/standard/news/press/2013/20130411-philips-creates-the-
world-s-most-energy-efficient-warm-white-led-lamp.wpd#.Unzy-eB21bs

13. جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء لهذا العام 2014
How the optical microscope
became a nanoscope
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

14. Micro? Nano?
• mm= 10-3
• mm= 10-3
• mm= 10-3
• um= 10-6
• nm= 10-9
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

15. Getting Nobel prize for:
• Using the fluorescence of
molecules, scientists can
monitor the interplay
between individual
molecules inside cells.
• Observe disease-related
proteins.
• Fluorescence is the
emission of light by a
substance that has
absorbed light or other
electromagnetic radiation
• Proteins within a cell, seen with techniques
developed by Eric Betzig. Image courtesy
HHMI
• SOURCE: scientific American magazine
Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

16. Challenge!
• In optical microscope,
scientists believed they
would never be able to
observe things smaller
than half the wavelength
of light (0.2 micrometres)
• How to detect actions of
proteins involved in
Huntington’s disease and
disease?
• Fluorescence microscopy
captures a human cancer cell
as it splits in two
• Source: http://janelia.org/lab/betzig-lab

17. Challenges!
Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyBGiZZSslY

18. Solution…Say hush to molecules!
ON-OFF GAME
• Stimulated Emission
Depletion (STED)
Microscopy
• A nano-sized flashlight
scanning over the sample
• Keep some features
(molecules) dark by a
beam of light!
• Photons don’t have
energy enough to excite
molecules.
• Higher spatial resolution
• ON OFF GAME
Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyBGiZZSslY

19. Interesting results
filaments in a human nerve cell; left with a common confocal microscope, right with a STED microscope
the STED microscope is better by more than an order of magnitude.
Source: Max planck – Institute website

20. Still not amazed?
Any questions?
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