Torill bull NHPRC 2013
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The Ethical Thinking Cap
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Torill bull NHPRC 2013
- 1. The Ethical Thinking Cap Torill Bull, Elisha Riggs, & Sussy Nchogu ISECN Ethics Working Group
- 2. Ethics defined • ’The discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong… • …Its subject consists of the fundamental issues of practical decision making’ Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/Torill Bull, University of Bergen, March 11 2013
- 3. DOING GOOD, DOING NO HARM, RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY, JUSTICE ACCOUNTABILITY UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
- 4. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Respect Participation Collaboration Holism DOING GOOD, DOING NO HARM, RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY, JUSTICE ACCOUNTABILITY UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
- 5. EVIDENCE THEORY INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Respect Participation Collaboration Holism DOING GOOD, DOING NO HARM, RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY, JUSTICE ACCOUNTABILITY UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
- 6. EVIDENCE THEORY INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Respect Participation Collaboration Holism DOING GOOD, DOING NO HARM, RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY, JUSTICE ACCOUNTABILITY UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CONTEXT
- 7. EVIDENCE THEORY INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Respect Participation Collaboration Holism DOING GOOD, DOING NO HARM, RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY, JUSTICE ACCOUNTABILITY UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Ethical questioning CONTEXT
- 8. Ethical questioning Social justice and equity Empowerment Sustainability Respect Participation Collaboration Holism Who What How
- 11. Socratic questioning “Socrates was one of the greatest educators who taught by asking questions and thus drawing out answers from his pupils ('ex duco', means to 'lead out', which is the root of 'education')... …The overall purpose of Socratic questioning, is to challenge accuracy and completeness of thinking in a way that acts to move people towards their ultimate goal.” •http://changingminds.org/techniques/questioning/soc ratic_questions.htm
- 12. Ethical questioning Social justice and equity Who are suffering inequities in this situation? What do the inequities consist in? How equitable is the distribution of opportunities and resources? What is the degree of injustice in this situation? How can I contribute to greater equity and justice in this situation? How important is this? Who should be prioritized? Empowerment Who holds the power in this situation? Who needs to be empowered? What power could I give away? How could I give away power? What is needed for empowerment to be strengthened where it should? How can I increase the control and agency of those involved?
- 13. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford University Press. Bull, T., Riggs, E. & Nchogu, S. (2012). Does health promotion need a code of ethics? Results from an IUHPE mixed method survey. Global Health Promotion 19 (3), pp 8-20. doi: 10.1177/1757975912453181 Dempsey, C., Battel-Kirk, B. & Barry, MM. (2011). The CompHP Core Competencies Framework for Health Promotion Handbook Retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.iuhpe.org/index.html?page=614&lang=en DeGeorge, Richard T. Military Ethics: A Code of Ethics for Officers. Washington,National Defense University Press, 1987 Encyclopaedia Britannica (2012). Ethics. (Main contributor Peter Singer). Retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194023/ethics Mittelmark, M. B. (2008). Setting an ethical agenda for health promotion. Health Promot. Int., 23(1), 78–85. doi:10.1093/heapro/dam035 Seedhouse, D. (2002). Commitment to health: a shared ethical bond between professions. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 16(3), 249–260. doi:10.1080/13561820220146685 References Torill Bull, University of Bergen, March 11 2013
- 14. Seedhouse, D. (1988). Ethics: the heart of health care. Wiley. SHEPS Cymru. Framework for Ethical Health Promotion. Retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.rsph.org.uk/en/health-promotion/collaboration-action-plan/index.cfm Sindall, C. (2002). Does health promotion need a code of ethics? Health Promotion International, 17(3), 201– 203. Society for Public Health Education. Ethics. Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession, Retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.sophe.org/ethics.cfm Tannahill, A. (2008). Beyond evidence—to ethics: a decision-making framework for health promotion, public health and health improvement†. Health Promotion International, 23(4), 380 –390. doi:10.1093/heapro/dan032 United Nations (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml WHO (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Charter adopted at an international conference on health promotion. The move towards a new public health, November 17-21, 1986 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved Sept 20 2012 from: http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html Socratic questioning: http://changingminds.org/techniques/questioning/socratic_questions.htm Torill Bull, University of Bergen, March 11 2013
Notas del editor
- Snakke litt om meg og om opplegg i forelesningen
- Can you see that this could look like a cap, with a tassel or pompom at the top and a brim at the bottom? The main structure: A foundation of generic ethical principles not specific to hp Adding on top health promotion principles distilled/condensed from the Ottawa Charter, in a conceptual structure from literature: terminal values, next instrumental values. The way the model is supposed to be applied is as follows: In a situation of choice you consider what is important to achieve in hp – the terminal values. You consider how it is appropriate to achieve this – the instrumental values. This process is supported by the sides – evidence AND theory. As HP is a field with a small basis of RTC type of evidence, authors suggest not an evidence BASE but choice supported by evidence and where evidence is not available – theory. The aim is to get to the top of this model, so moving up you have to go through CONTEXT. This was missing in all previous models we have considered, and we wanted it to be explicit in the model. You take all the values, evidence and theory into consideration for a specific context. When you have all these elements, you do the ethical questioning – which is basically asking relevant questions. I will return to that.
- Empowerment
- I already mentioned how evidence and theory make part of a sound decision making process in health promotion
- And then the important context:
- And then we come to the questioning: Ethical questioning is deep questioning, based on Socratic questioning: The overall purpose of Socratic questioning, is to challenge accuracy and completeness of thinking in a way that acts to move people towards their ultimate goal. Getting deeper into the issues. Like the philosophers ask: What is at stake here?
- This ethical questioning should not be difficult. Basically, one should remember the 7 values of health promotion and then play around with the simple irrogatives, such as who what how