Do you want to improve end-to-end feature lead-time? It is not a question of working harder. It is a question of first removing the feature wait time, the red bricks.
If you would build an end-to-end timeline for your features using red, yellow and green LEGO bricks. Where:
* Red = Non value adding waiting time
* Yellow = Non value adding activates required due to how work is organized
* Green = Value adding activities of real customer value
How would your feature end-to-end timeline look like? In most cases, you will have less than 20% green and yellow bricks and more the 80% red bricks.
In this session, you will be see how flow efficiency can be drastically improve in two concrete examples from two different domains.
First, you will see how a Swedish Breast Cancer Clinic drastically improved flow efficiency and reduced patient wait time by focusing on removing the red and yellow bricks.
In the second example, you will see how a Product Development Test Organization reduced lead-time and created time for improvements by focusing on improving flow efficiency.
We will take a close look at the three laws that define the performance of all processes:
* Little’s Law
* Law of bottlenecks
* Law of variation
By understanding how the three laws governs the performance of your processes, we can look at ways to improve your flow efficiency.
When time is gone, it is gone. Time to start removing the red and yellow bricks
4. Lean, Kanban & Flow
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
5. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
6. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
7. I’m a huge LEGO fan!
DISCLAIMER
LEGO® is a trademark of the LEGO Group,
which does not sponsor, authorize or
endorse this presentation.
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
8. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
9. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
10. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
11. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
12. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
13. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
14. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
15. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
16. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
17. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
18. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
19. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
20. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
21. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
22. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
23. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
24. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
25. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
26. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
27. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
28. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
29. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
30. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
31. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
32. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
33. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
34. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
35. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
36. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
37. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
38. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
39. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
40. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
41. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
42. > 1000 hours < 60 hours
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
43. A Question of focus
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
44. Strategy to increase utilization
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
45. Strategy to fulfill needs a.s.a.p.
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
46. Niklas Modig
Stockholm School of Economics
@LeanOnMyself
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
48. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
49. Strategy to fulfill needs a.s.a.p.
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
50. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
51. Low utilization
Short lead-times
Low Work-In-Process
Small batches
Focus on customer value
Little waiting for flow unit
Fast to respond to change
High utilization
Long lead-times
High Work-In-Process
Large batches
Focus on unit cost
Lots of waiting for flow unit
Slow to respond to change
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
53. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
54. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
55. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
56. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
57. Which process is most expensive?
≥
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
58. Flow efficiency in numbers
Usually 1-5% value added of
total lead-time
20% value added is a high
number
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
59. How many
and
bricks do you have?
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
60. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
61. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
62. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
63. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
64. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
65. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
66. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
67. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
68. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
69. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
70. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
71. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
72. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
73. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
74. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
75. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
76. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
77. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
78. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
79. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
80. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
81. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
82. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
83. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
84. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
85. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
86. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
87. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
88. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
89. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
90. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
91. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
92. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
93. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
94. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
95. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
96. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
97. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
98. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
99. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand Support team responds
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
100. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
101. We need to
Shift our focus
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
102. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
103. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
104. BUSY WORKERS
High Resource Efficiency
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
105. BUSY FLOW UNITS
High Flow Efficiency
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
106. Q & A
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
107. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
108. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
109. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
110. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
112. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
113. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
114. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
115. How to improve
Flow Efficiency?
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
116. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Start with the bricks
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
117. Non value adding
bricks: Wait time
Waiting in a queue
Waiting for a decision
Waiting on dependency
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
118. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Then take on the bricks
119. Non value adding
bricks: Required waste
Over processing
Backlog maintenance
Reporting and status meetings
Rework due to
Defects
Handovers
Long lead-times
Lack of understanding the requirements
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
126. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
127. …to a shared and visual
understanding of End-To-End flow
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
128. We need to
Shift our focus
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
129. From big batch, low frequency…
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
130. …to small batches with high frequency
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
131. Reducing batch size
Smaller features
Smaller slices first, MMF, MVP second
Deliver continuously, or more often
Avoid projects
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
132. We need to
Shift our focus
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
133. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
134. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
135. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
136. Blockers and Impediments
are like Gold and Gems
for improving flow
in your process
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
137. The three ”laws”
Little’s Law
Law of bottlenecks
Law of variation
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
138. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
139. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
140. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
141. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
161. The three ”laws”
Little’s Law
Law of bottlenecks
Law of variation
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
162. Law of Bottlenecks
Every process has one
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
163. Capacity = 6 Capacity = 4 Capacity = 6
Throughput = 4
You can’t go faster than your bottleneck
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
164. Equal too or greater capacity in front
You can go as fast as your bottleneck
You can’t go faster than your bottleneck
Capacity => 4 Capacity = 4 Capacity > 4
Throughput = 4
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
165. Full use of a higher capacity in front of the bottleneck will make
lead-time go up
You can’t go faster than your bottleneck
Capacity = 6 Capacity = 4 Capacity > 4
Throughput = 4
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
166. Equal to or greater capacity after
You can go as fast as your bottleneck
You can’t go faster than your bottleneck
Capacity => 4 Capacity = 4 Capacity >= 4
Throughput = 4
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
167. Higher capacity after the bottleneck will not improve throughput
over time
You can’t go faster than your bottleneck
Capacity => 4 Capacity = 4 Capacity >= 4
Throughput = 4
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
168. Process stage without WIP Limits
Demand Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
WIP Limit WIP Limit
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
169. Process stages without WIP Limits
Demand Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
WIP Limit WIP Limit
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
170. Demand Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
WIP Limit WIP Limit
Process stages without WIP Limits
Nobackpressure
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
171. Demand Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
WIP Limit WIP Limit
Stage 2
Set WIP Limits on every
process stage!
Backpressure
WIP Limit
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
172. Setting first WIP Limits
Low Organizational friction High
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
173. Adjust WIP 20-30%
Identify the problems
Resolve the problems
Stabilize processRepeat
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
174. The three ”laws”
Little’s Law
Law of bottlenecks
Law of variation
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
179. Common sources of variation
Large batches
Ad-hoc processes
Swarming on work
Load balancing processes
Uneven arrival rate of work
Uneven work duration
Uneven availability of capacity
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
180. Reduce unnecessary
process variation
Use a mixed feature portfolio
Remove iterations, or reduce length
Avoid Ad-hoc processes
Swarming on work
Loadbalancing processes
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
181. Time
Capability
100%
Utilization
planed at 70%
Plan for less than 100% utilization
Absorbs unwanted variation
Inspired by Mårten Pehrson
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
182. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
189. Expect at least 50% of the
experiments will not give the
expected result
This is when we REALLY learn!
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
191. Plan
• Define hypothesis
• Make Prediction
Do
• Run Experiment
• Closely observe
Check
• What did we
learn?
Act
• Update or new
hypothesis
I told you so!
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
204. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
205. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
206. Demand Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
WIP Limit WIP Limit
Stage 2
Set WIP Limits on every
process stage!
Backpressure
WIP Limit
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
207. Non value adding: Wait time
Non value adding: Required waste
Value adding: Actual demand
Why Work-In-Process and
not Work-in-Progress?
Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com
You tell me!
208. Created by Håkan Forss @hakanforss http://hakanforss.wordpress.com