1. Supplementary Training Modules on
Good Manufacturing Practice
Water for
Pharmaceutical Use
Part 3:
Inspection of water
purification systems
WHO Technical Report Series
No 929, 2005. Annex 3
Water | Slide 1 of 30 January 2006
2. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Objectives
To understand:
The specific requirements when inspecting water systems,
including associated documentation
Water system inspection techniques and approaches
Water | Slide 2 of 30 January 2006
3. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Prepare an aide-memoire for items to inspect:
Schematic drawing review
Changes to system since installation
Sampling procedure and plan
Specifications, results and trends
Out-of-specification results
Annual system review
Deviations 8.
Water | Slide 3 of 30 January 2006
4. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Prepare an aide-memoire for items to inspect (2):
Results of system performance monitoring
Out of limit results, failure investigations and alarms recorded
Sanitization procedures and records
Maintenance and repairs logs/records
Instrument calibration and standardization
Qualification and validation including DQ, IQ, OQ, PQ
Requalification when appropriate, etc.
8.
Water | Slide 4 of 30 January 2006
5. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Where to start:
What is the water to be used for?
– sterile products
– non-sterile products, e.g. oral liquid products, external
applications
– solid dosage forms
– washing and rinsing
Start: Document review – site verification – followed by additional
document review
Water | Slide 5 of 30 January 2006
6. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Verification:
Start with document review (e.g. schematic drawing of the
system, "water quality manual" if available)
Review change control (in case of changes after qualification
and validation)
On site verification (system in accordance with the drawing)
Start source water supply
Pre-treatment and treatment systems
Water | Slide 6 of 30 January 2006
7. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Documentation should reflect information on:
Pipeline
Valves (non-return type)
Breather points
Couplings
Pipe slope
Velocities
Sampling points
Drain points
Instrumentation
Flow rates
Water | Slide 7 of 30 January 2006
8. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Documentation should reflect information on (2):
Specification for each system element
Standard procedures for use
System changes
Routine and non-routine maintenance
Investigations and corrective action
Validation studies
Chemical and microbiological specifications
Sampling instructions
Test procedures
Responsible persons
Training requirements
Water | Slide 8 of 30 January 2006
9. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
On site review and verification:
Walk through the system, verifying the parts of the system
as indicated in the drawing
Review procedures and "on site" records, logs, results
Verify components, sensors, instruments
Inspect the finishing, state, calibration status, labels, pipes,
tanks etc as discussed in previous parts of this module
Start with source water supply – follow whole system "loop"
Water | Slide 9 of 30 January 2006
10. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Well water
Inspect exposed parts of the well, depth of well
Check for nearby septic systems, hazardous materials
usage (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.)
Well maintenance
Water | Slide 10 of 30 January 2006
11. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Raw water storage
May be required prior to pre-treatment
Check material of construction
– Concrete, steel are acceptable but check corrosion
– Plastics or plastic linings may leach
Check cover
– To keep out insects, birds and animals
Check disinfection practices
Water | Slide 11 of 30 January 2006
12. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Water treatment system inspection (1)
Checks may include:
– dead legs
– filters
– pipes and fittings
– Ionic beds
– storage tanks
– by-pass lines
Water | Slide 12 of 30 January 2006
13. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Water treatment system inspection (2)
Checks may include:
– pumps
– UV lights
– sample points
– reverse osmosis
– valves
– heat exchangers
– Instruments, controls, gauges, etc.
Water | Slide 13 of 30 January 2006
14. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (1)
Stainless steel – PVC and most plastics not recommended
Weld quality
Hygienic couplings
Passivation
Air breaks or “Tundish”
Water | Slide 14 of 30 January 2006
15. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (2)
Pipes and pumps
– hygienic couplings
– welded pipes
– hygienic pumps
– hygienic
sampling points
– acceptable floor
– no leaks
Water | Slide 15 of 30 January 2006
16. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (3)
Check condition of equipment
Staining on
water storage
tanks
Corrosion on plates of heat exchangers
indicates possible contamination
Water | Slide 16 of 30 January 2006
17. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (4)
Maintenance records, maintenance of pump seals and O rings
Water | Slide 17 of 30 January 2006
18. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (5)
Air filters
Integrity testing, sterilization
and replacement frequency
Check burst discs
Water | Slide 18 of 30 January 2006
19. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (6)
Softened water
out to deionizer By-pass lines
By-pass valve
Carefully check by-pass
valves and lines
These sometimes leak or are
inadvertently left open
A blanking piece is better
during operation phase
Zeolite water softener
exchanges Ca and Mg for Na
Water | Slide 19 of 30 January 2006
20. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (7)
Activated carbon bed sanitization
Temperature-compensated conductivity meters
Influence of plastic pipe adhesive on TOC
Non-condensable gases in pure steam
Water | Slide 20 of 30 January 2006
21. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (8)
Polypropylene welding inspection
– checking pin holes
Retrospective validation of WFI system
Rouging of WFI storage systems
Spray ball efficacy
Water | Slide 21 of 30 January 2006
22. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Other checks (9)
UV light – monitoring performance and lamp life and
intensity
Validating ozone dosage
Specifications for acids, alkalis for DI and sodium chloride
for water softener
“Normally open” and “normally closed” valves
Water | Slide 22 of 30 January 2006
23. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Then review additional documentation
Qualification protocols and reports
Change control request (where applicable)
Requalification (where applicable)
QC and microbiology laboratory:
SOP for sampling
Procedures and records
Water | Slide 23 of 30 January 2006
24. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Sampling (1)
There must be a sampling procedure
Sample integrity must be assured
Sampler training
Sample point
Sample size
Water | Slide 24 of 30 January 2006
25. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Sampling (2)
Sample container
Sample label
Sample transport and storage
Arrival at the laboratory
Test method
When is the test started?
Water | Slide 25 of 30 January 2006
26. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Testing
Review method verification
Chemical testing
Microbiological testing
– test method
– types of media used
– incubation time and temperature
– objectionable and indicator organisms
– manufacturer must set specifications
Water | Slide 26 of 30 January 2006
27. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Suggested bacterial limits (CFU /mL)
Sampling location Target Alert Action
Raw water 200 300 500
Post multimedia filter 100 300 500
Post softener 100 300 500
Post activated carbon filter 50 300 500
Feed to RO 20 200 500
RO permeate 10 50 100
Points of Use 1 10 100
Water | Slide 27 of 30 January 2006
28. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Pyrogens and endotoxins
Any compound injected into mammals which gives rise to fever is
a “Pyrogen”
Endotoxins are pyrogenic, come from Gram negative bacterial
cell wall fragments
Detect endotoxins using a test for lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
– rabbit test detects pyrogens
– LAL test detects endotoxins
Ultrafiltration, distillation and RO may remove pyrogens
Water | Slide 28 of 30 January 2006
29. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Group Session
You are given a schematic drawing of a water system to discuss. List any
problems and their solutions
IN C O R R E C T W A T E R T R E A T M E N T PL A N T
Water | Slide 29 of 30 January 2006
30. Water for Pharmaceutical Use
Group Session
M O D IFIE D W A T E R T R E A T M E N T PL A N T
Water | Slide 30 of 30 January 2006
Notas del editor
दिसंबर 4, 2012
दिसंबर 4, 2012
दिसंबर 4, 2012 8 . Inspection of water systems WPU (PW, HPW and WFI) systems are likely to be the subject of regulatory inspection from time to time. Users should consider conducting routine audit and self-inspection of established water systems . This GMP guidance can be used as the basis of inspection. The following list identi.es items and a logical sequence for a WPU system inspection or audit : — a sampling and monitoring plan with a drawing of all sample points ; — the setting of monitoring alert and action levels ; — monitoring results and evaluation of trends ; — inspection of the last annual system review ; — review of any changes made to the system since the last audit and check that the change control has been implemented ; — review of deviations recorded and their investigation ; — general inspection of system for status and condition ; — review of maintenance, failure and repair logs; and — checking calibration and standardization of critical instruments . For an established system that is demonstrably under control, this scope of review should prove adequate. For new systems, or systems that display instability or unreliability, the following should also be reviewed : — performance quali.cation ; — operational quali.cation; and — installation quali.cation .
दिसंबर 4, 2012
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दिसंबर 4, 2012 Well water: Some pharmaceutical manufacturers need to draw water from wells or bore holes. Some manufacturers feel they have better control of water from their own wells than from a municipal source. The aquifer that the well taps into may be contaminated, or the construction materials of the well could contribute to contamination. The exposed parts of the well should be inspected periodically for cracked, corroded, or damaged casing , broken or missing well caps , and settling and cracking of surface seals . The depth of the well should also be determined – the shallower the well the greater is the chance of contamination from surface contaminants. Check: The use of nearby septic systems (which could contribute coliforms or faecal bacteria). If there are hazardous materials used nearby. Sometimes these are disposed of in nearby septic system s . Hazardous materials include: Pesticides – farmers in areas near the well could use pesticides, which can permeate through the aquifer. Fertilizers , such as nitrates and phosphates, can be troublesome to remove and can encourage the proliferation of micro-organisms, especially algae if there is any light available. Herbicides – organophosphates can enter the aquifer. F uels , such as diesel and petrol spills can also be problematic. Testing records to show water is “potable”. Records of well maintenance. The manufacturer must have procedures such as disinfection procedures or sediment removal , together with the use of any chemicals in the well . Chemicals that can leach include the oils used to lubricate the pumps.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Large scale storage: Raw water storage may be required according to local circumstances, such as intermittent water supplies. Storage can be typically in cisterns or reservoirs made of concrete or tanks made of steel. Sometimes plastic or rubber bladders are used but these can cause significant problems with leachates and odours. Check the material of construction: - Concrete and steel are acceptable, but check corrosion; - Plastics or plastic linings may leach plastizisers such as phthalates. The storage must have adequate cover to keep out insects, birds and animals. However, an air filter is not usually necessary. The quality of the raw water in this type of storage needs to be periodically checked and a physical inspection carried out. Disinfection of the water is required. This is usually with chlorine at concentrations of 1 – 2 ppm. The chlorine levels need to be checked periodically. The storage tanks should be covered because the chlorine may have a life of only a few hours, and algal blooms may be encouraged if water is exposed to sunlight. UV lights suspended in these tanks are not effective bactericides. Periodically the tank should be emptied and cleaned.
दिसंबर 4, 2012
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दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Check pipes and pumps. The photograph shows a good example of a neatly laid-out water treatment room with good equipment and pipes. There are hygienic couplings (Ladish® or Tri-Clover ® clamps), welded pipes and hygienic pumps. Note also hygienic sampling points.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Assess physical condition of equipment. Look for stains and leaks that could indicate problems. Check to make sure heat exchangers are double tube or double shell. If not, there should be continuous pressure monitoring to ensure the heating or cooling liquid does not contaminate the pure water through any pinholes. For single plate heat exchangers, the pressure of the heating or cooling liquid must be LOWER than the purified water at all times. An exception may be where the liquid is of a higher purity than the water being produced. Note from the heat exchanger example above that even high grade stainless steel, such as 318SS, can be subject to pit corrosion!
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Check maintenance of the entire system by examining the maintenance procedure and records. For example, check the “O” rings of connections and the maintenance of the pump seals. The pump on the left shows good connections and a good standard of engineering. The one on the right shows a threaded coupling, called a milk coupling or sanitary coupling . Threaded couplings and couplings in general should be avoided whenever possible. Where welding is impossible, hygienic couplings should be used or milk (sanitary) coupling, which are acceptable since the threaded fitting is not part of the fluid pathway, and so should not contaminate the water. The inspector must be satisfied that hidden seals and “O” rings have actually been removed, examined and/or replaced during maintenance.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Check air filters which should be hydrophobic (otherwise, they can be blocked by a film of water condensate) and should be able to be sanitized. Those on WFI plants should be be able to be sterilized and integrity-tested. Check replacement frequency, which the pharmaceutical manufacturer should determine with assistance from the filter supplier. Check burst discs because if they have ruptured without being noted the storage system can become contaminated.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) By-pass valves and by-pass lines are often used for maintenance procedures. In critical situations there may be, for example, two pumps in parallel, in case one breaks down. Additionally, engineers like to be able to replace a pump or a filter without dismantling large sections of the system. However, valves in by-pass lines can leak, be left open, or be contaminated, and so they are undesirable. A “blanking” piece is often better during operation of the system, so that there is no physical connection.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: ( Contd.) Further points to check: Activated carbon bed sanitization – these can become overgrown with bacteria quite quickly. Check sanitization frequency to ensure the AC remains uncontaminated. Calibration of temperature-compensated conductivity meters is often overlooked or not done properly. Influence of plastic pipe adhesive on Total Organic Carbon (TOC) compliance - some adhesives will leach into the water and these can be volatile. Non-condensable gases in pure steam – for example nitrogen and oxygen. They affect the apparent pressure of sterilization processes, lowering their effectiveness.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Further points to check: Polypropylene welding inspection. If polypropylene pipe is used and welded, has the manufacturer checked for pin holes? Retrospective validation of WFI system. Many water plants are 10 – 20 years old and may not have been properly validated. Can they be properly retrospectively validated? Rouging of WFI Systems. The high temperatures of these storage and distribution systems seem to lead to a build up of a deposit known as rouge . Check to see if the manufacturer carries out a periodic physical check for this effect, and what steps are taken to remove the rouge. Sometimes re-passivation is effective. Spray ball efficacy. This is not easy to determine and must be assessable. If the spray ball is jammed it will not work properly, but because it cannot be seen it is not easy to check. There are non-rotating or fixed spray balls or spray cones which may be better in small systems.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Inspection: (Contd.) Further points to check: UV light – monitoring performance and lamp life. The lethal radiant energy from UV lights drops off quickly, so many have to be replaced approximately every 6 months. Does the manufacturer have an hour meter and is the lamp replaced according to the supplier’s recommendations? Can the intensity of the light be measured? Validating ozone dosage is difficult. It may be possible for the manufacturer to get the supplier’s validation studies showing worst case lethal effects. Water softener sodium chloride specifications. Like any ancillary material, the salt, acids and alkalis used as consumables in water treatment plant should have purchase specifications. Note: testing is not required unless for trouble shooting purposes. Check the drawings to see if valves are marked as “Normally Open” or “Normally Closed”, then physically check the valve position. It is surprising sometimes that valves are not returned to the correct operating position; for example, after de-ionizer regeneration.
दिसंबर 4, 2012
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Sampling: There must be a sampling procedure. The sample integrity must be assured. The sample received in the laboratory must reflect the bulk water’s physical, chemical, and biological quality. Because of water’s solvent properties and the nature of micro-organisms, this can change very quickly. For example, the microbe population in ideal circumstances can double or triple every hour. Microbes can grow at very low temperatures and in extremely low nutrient levels. Even distilled water may have enough nutrients to support organisms such as some of the pseudomonas species. The persons who take the sample should also have training on aseptic handling practices, to ensure that they do not contaminate the sample while it is being taken. The sample point should be hygienic and the practice of flushing it, or not, should follow manufacturing practice. Sample points for subsystems, such as de-ionizers and RO’s, should be as close to the downstream side as possible in order to reflect the quality of the water being fed to the next subsystem. All water outlets in the factory should also be checked periodically. This should be done unannounced, if possible, so that water can be sampled through any attachments to the outlet, such as hoses or pumps. Sample sizes of at least 100 – 500mL are required; samples of 1 or 2 mL are unacceptable.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Sampling: (Contd.) The sample container should be sterile, inert, and able to be securely closed. Plastic containers that are re-sterilized sometimes distort in the autoclave, so that the quality of recycled containers should be carefully checked. Some plastics may leach and thus affect tests such as the TOC test. Single-use, sterile, inert plastic bags are available. However, these could prove too expensive for some manufacturers to consider. The container must be properly labeled. The label should have the date, time and location sampled as well as the sampler’s name or initials. It must be attached firmly to the container. Felt tip permanent markers are satisfactory but may leach solvent if used on plastics, and may thus affect the TOC test. It is important for the label to be properly removed should the container be recycled. Unless tested within a few hours, the sample should be chilled to less than 8 o C, but not frozen. Samples from heated water systems should be rapidly cooled. If a sample is to be transported to a remote laboratory, refrigerated packing must be allowed for to ensure that the sample stays cool. Inclusion of a temperature data logger is good practice. On arrival at the laboratory the condition and temperature of the sample should be noted, as this may be important if an out of specification result needs to be investigated. It is good practice to have a sample registration and tracking system. The laboratory should record the time at which microbial testing started.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Testing: Method Verification - The methods must be validated or verified in the laboratory, even if they are pharmacopoeial methods. Chemical testing - Chemical testing follows normal laboratory practices. However, TOC requires sophisticated, expensive equipment and trained technicians, which may put it beyond the reach of some manufacturers. Microbiological testing - It is important that microbiological testing be conducted in a well-equipped laboratory with adequate resources. Method : The common methods for microbial total count are Most Probable Number Test (not reliable for low numbers), Spread or Pour Plate (can only test only 1 or 10mL respectively; not reliable for low counts) or membrane filtration, which is preferred. Media : There are various types of test media that can be used. Incubation time and temperature : Preferably 32 o C or lower (higher temperatures than this inhibit aquatic microflora) and up to 5 days (sub-lethally damaged organisms may not revive quickly). Objectionable and indicator organisms: Any organism which can grow in the final product, or can cause physical and chemical changes to the product, or is pathogenic, is unacceptable in purified water. Indicator organisms, such as Escherichia coli or coliforms, point to faecal contamination. They “indicate” possible contamination by other pathogenic organisms. The manufacturer must set specifications for total count and absence of objectionable and indicator organisms. The USP recommends a limit of 100 total aerobic microbial colony-forming units (CFU) per mL for purified water.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Sampling locations and limits for microbiological testing: The limits are not from any official literature and are thus intended merely as a guide. The table is a suggested list of sampling locations and limits (for total aerobic microbial plate count). Note that in some countries, the “Action” required if out of specification results are detected may well include recall of therapeutic goods even if they meet finished goods specification. This is because the water treatment system is seen to be out of control. Prudent manufacturers should react promptly to “alert” limits so that the system remains in control. CFU = colony forming units
दिसंबर 4, 2012 Pyrogens and endotoxins: Any compound giving rise to fever when injected into mammals is a “Pyrogen”. Even sterile water can be pyrogenic. Endotoxins are pyrogenic, and they come from Gram negative bacterial cell wall fragments. Esc h erichia coli appears to be the main culprit. Endotoxins are highly toxic to mammalian cells and are one of the most potent modulators of the immune system. If injected into mammals they cause fever. Endotoxins can be detected using a test for lipopolysaccharides . The Rabbit test detects pyrogens, and the LAL test detects endotoxins. Ultra-filtration, distillation, and RO may remove pyrogens.
दिसंबर 4, 2012 In this group session, you are given a schematic of a water system ( See handout 2-3-24) . Discuss the drawing and list any problems and their solutions. (Note to trainer: The following handout 2-3-25, giving correct answers, should not be distributed until after discussion.)
दिसंबर 4, 2012 This slide indicates the modified water schematic. (See handout 2-3-25.)