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NON METALLIC PIPING FOR 
HIGH SERVICE WORKING TEMPERATURE




 PP (POLYPROPYLENE)
 PVDF (POLYVINYLDENFLUORIDE)
 ECTFE (ETHYLEN CHLORO TRIFLUORO ETHYLEN)
For many years, stainless steel remains a piping material selected for industrial process systems
e.g. in pharmaceutical industry. High mechanical strength and low coefficient of thermal
expansion allow stainless steel components to be sterilized or sanitized in a variety of ways
while withstanding high temperatures.

Chemical passivation for stainless steel is frequently required to remove free ions from the
surface and restore the oxide film that gives stainless steel its corrosion resistance. But orbital
welding techniques used with stainless steel piping systems can cause rough surfaces. Roughing
surfaces (induced bacterial proliferation), metallic ion contamination and post‐installation
maintenance of inner surface finishes are the reason of many industries are seeking ways to
leave behind the currently‐used troublesome materials.

Due to its metallic ion contamination, most steel was removed from microelectronics UPW
(Ultra Purity Water) systems in the 1980s and replaced with high performance polymers PVDF,
ECTFE and PP high purity.

Properties and system performance of plastics may vary. When selecting the proper plastics
piping, the engineer optimizes performance by matching particular system requirements with
cost efficiencies. Non‐contamination, surface‐finish smoothness (reducing the possibility for
micro‐organic deposits and growth), sanitation and sterilization adaptability, as well as welding
and system capabilities, are among the chief criteria.

Thermoplastics piping is frequently used for commercial and industrial applications such as
for conveying chilled and process waters, aqueous solutions of corrosive chemicals, slurries,
foods, and substances that must remain uncontaminated by metallic ions.
Advantages of thermoplastics piping is virtual freedom from attack by ambient water
and moisture. Thermoplastics piping is not subject to surface attacks in any way comparable
to the rusting or environtmental corrosion of metals. Thermoplastics, being nonconductors,
are immune to the electrochemical based corrosion process induced by electrolytes such as
acids, bases and salts. In addition, plastics pipe materials are not vulnerable to biological
attack. In sum, thermoplastics are not subject to corrosion in most environtment in both
aboveground and underground service. This has resulted in negligible costs for maintenance
and external protection such as painting, plastic coating, galvanizing, electroplating,
wrapping, and cathodic protection.

Another principal advantage offered by thermoplastics is their lower specific gravity, which
results in ease of handling, storage, and installation, as well as in lower transportation cost.

The smooth pipe surfaces yield low friction factors and very low tendency to fouling. They
also offer very good abrasion resistance, even when conveying slurries that can rapidly abrade
harder materials. The smooth surface finish combined with the upgraded welding technology
give polymer pipe some significant advantages over current steel technology. Polymer’s less
frequent sanitization and cleaning cycles translate into fewer interruptions in plant operations
and lower overall production costs.

Many joining methods are available for plastic pipe. It can be threaded, flanged, cemented,
heat‐fused, and compression fitted. The many joining methods make plastic pipe adaptable to
most filed applications.
The principal limitations of thermoplastics arise from their relatively low strength and
stiffness and greater sensitivity of mechanical propertise to temperature. As a result, their
primary use is for gravity and lower pressure applications at near ambient temperatures.
Some plastics qualify for hot water service, and there are some specialty materials that can
be used to close to 150 °C. Not withstanding these restrictions, thermoplastics piping satisfies
the performance requirements for a very broad range of applications.

Additives are essential components of most thermoplastics piping compositions. They
facilitate processing, enhance certain properties, and provide required protection during
fabrication and service. There are only few thermoplastics (e.g. certain fluorinated polymers
such as polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF) that do not require the incorporation of some type
of additive because they already have sufficient natural thermal stability and aging and
weathering resistance.

The precise nature and quantities of additives that can be used for piping compositions are
delimited by their effect on engineering properties, such as rigidity, impact strength, chemical
resistance, creep resistance, rupture strength under longterm loading, and fatigue endurance.
For example, the use of an inorganic filler can compromised the natural resistance of
polymers to very strong acids or bases. Also too much filler, or use of a filler of a coarse grade,
or its inadequate dispersion can introduce physical discontinuities, or internal faults, that can
compromise long term strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue endurance. Another
example is the excessive use of liquid stabilizers or lubricants, which tends to plasticize the
plastic and thereby make it less creep‐resistant and more sensitive to temperature.
Additionally, the properties of the base polymer used in a plastics piping composition are not
only determined by the chemical elements, or atoms, from which the polymer is made, but are
also profoundly influenced by the specific geometrical arrangement by which the polymer’s
atoms are combined to form a macromolecule. A most important molecular structural
parameter is the length of the molecular chain. The longer the chain, the larger and heavier the
molecule. Polymers used for engineering applications consist of relatively long molecules in
order to yield satisfactory levels of longer‐term strength, ductility, and toughness.

Molecule size is denoted by molecular weight, which is the sum of the atomic masses of all the
elements in the molecule. Since all the molecules in a polymer are not of the same size, the
degree of polymerization is usually expressed by the polymer’s average molecular weight. The
nature of the distribution of molecular sizes also bears a significant influence on a number of
physical and mechanical properties. Thermoplastics used for piping applications tend to be of
relatively high molecular weight and of relatively narrow molecular weight distribution.
However, the molecular weight cannot be so large as to result in a melt viscosity so high as to
hinder proper fabrication of the end product.
Polypropylene (PP) piping

Polypropylene (PP) is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical,
chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical properties not found in other thermoplastics.
Compared to low or high density PE, PP has a lower impact strength, but superior working
temperature and tensile strength. PP is tough, heat resistant, semi rigid material that is ideal for
the transfer of hot liquids or gasses. Polypropyelen‐ based piping is also the lightest weight
plastic material.
In comparison to other thermoplastics such as PE HD and PVC‐U, PP shows a thermal stability 
up to  100 C ( short terms up to 110 C for pressureless systems)  and 95 C for permanent use.
PP shows good impact strength in comparison to PVC‐U. 

Polypropylene  is a fairly  ductile material  at ambient temperatures and it demonstrates good 
impact  strength.   Polypropylene is available  in three different  types  according   to DIN 8078
Type 1 : PP H ( homopolymer) 
Type 2 : PP B ( block copolymer) 
Type 3 : PP R ( random polymer) 

Copolymer  is referred to as  PPR, with the R  designating the term  random copolymer. PPH is 
the standard designation for homopolymer polypropylene. By copolymerisating with ethylene 
special   properties  are achieved as in  PP types 2  and 3,  which  result in  an improved higher 
impact strength of the products in comparison to PP H.

Polypropylene is used in chemical  piping, and pure water systems. It is chemically resistant to 
many strong and weak acids.  In addition, it is one of the few materials  that is recommended 
for strong bases such as sodium  hydroxide. It is not ideal for strong oxidizing acids, aromatics, 
and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 
Advantages of Polypropylene Piping

• Low specific weight of 0, 91 g/ cm3 ( PVC‐U  1,40 g/ cm3) 
• High creep resistance
• Excellent chemical resistance
• Good weld ability
• Excellent abrasion resistance
• Smooth inside surface of the pipes, therefore  no deposits and no growth over possible due to
  less frictional resistance
• Less pressure losses in comparison with e.g metals
• PP is a bad conductor of heat – therefore in most cases, no thermal insulation is required for 
  hot water piping system

PP (polypropylene) physiological non toxicity : 

With respect to its composition, polypropylene complies with the relevant food stuff regulations 
( according OENORM B 5014 Part 1, FDA, BGA, KTW guidelines) . PP H and PP R AGRU both types 
have been stabilized  against high  temperature and the best suited materials for the  production 
of pressure piping systems.
SPECIAL GRADE POLYPROPYLENE

Polypropylene is also available in highly specialized grades developed for specific applications.
PP H‐s
( Polypropylene  ‐ homopolymere,  flame retardant) , due  to the  higher  stiffness  of PP‐s,  it is 
well  suited for  ventilation  and degassing pipes,  as well as flue  lining  systems.   It may not be 
used for outdoors applications due to the missing UV stabilization. PPH‐s is a self‐extinguishing 
homopolymer polypropylene with enhanced fire ratings as compared to standard PP. 
Fire behaviour according UL 94 ‐‐> V2
according DIN 4102 ‐‐> class B1
PP R‐s‐el
Is  a copolymer  (Polypropylene  random  copolymere,  flame  retardant,  electro  conductive) ; 
According  to standard UL 94 ‐‐> V0 ; polypropylene with the added property of being electro‐
conductive/ specific surface resistance < 106 Ohm.
Many  applications call for a piping system to be  grounded due to the transport of flammable 
materials/ easy ignitable media. During operation, a static charge can build on the surface of a 
standard  plastic pipe.  If the material is not conductive,  it cannot be properly  grounded  and, 
therefore,  runs the risk of potential static discharge to the media.   Electro‐conductive PP can
be grounded to avoid this hazard. Finally, PPR‐s‐el is the combination of the electro‐conductive 
property and the enhanced fire ratings. 
PP‐R black :
(Polypropylene  random copolymere black  coloured) :  The  essential  advantage of  this black 
coloured material type is the UV resistance for an operating  periode over of 10 years, which  is 
not available with grey PP.
PP‐R, natural
(Polypropylene –random‐copolymer, natural). PP‐R natural contains no colour additives,
it is applied mainly for high purity water piping system. However this material is not UV
resistant.

PP‐B, grey
PPB is a polypropylene block copolymer grey coloured , the product is characterized by
its excellent impact properties, as well as a high heat stability and extremely high
extraction stability.




PP‐R natural AGRU for purity piping
Polyvinyldenfluoride (PVDF) piping
Today, pure and ultra pure water has become an essential ingredient in a wide range
applications, such as :
1) Water for cleaning the surfaces of semiconductor wafers and liquid crystal panels, which
    must have no minute foreign particles (use in semiconductor and electronics industries).
2) Water for steam generators for the power generating turbines needed for the stable
    operation of power stations (use in electrical power industries).
3) Refined water and injection water for medical care and pharmaceutical industries where
    safety is vital in any situation (pharmaceutical and hospital industry)
4) Blank water for microanalysis in analytical chemistry, directly linked with the analysis level
    (laboratory, biotechnology, and chemical industry).
5) Water for food and beverage processing industry

Many industries are seeking ways to leave behind the currently‐used troublesome materials.
Stainless steel imposed constant and increasing problems: rouging, pitting, corrosion, metallic‐
poisoning, aggravated compliance issues, costly and environmentally adverse cleaning
protocols, and inadvertent fracture, plus costly biofilm issues. Stainless steel corrode over time
as the minor ingredients are lost and as electrochemical potentials arise which promote the
oxidation in even the “mildest” of chemical conditions, i.e. hot steam, and the resulting rust
(”rouging”) contaminates and compromises the quality of the products being produced in such
equipment.
PVDF piping system offering lower initial cost, less weight, complete resistance to corrosion,
good thermal insulation, elimination of the passivation process, extremely smooth interior
surface have increased their application, particularly in system such as purified water
distribution loops and other critical processes.
PVDF is extremely pure polymer and contains in comparison with a lot of other plastics no
stabilizers UV, thermo stabilizers, softener, lubricants or flame retardants additives. Its
particular suitable for ultra pure water constructions and for the transport of clear chemical
liquids in the semiconductor industry. Due to its chemical inertness, reaction against most
media is nearly impossible. PVDF offers with its properties an ideal compromise in connection
with a very easy processing and an advantageous to price performance ratio.

Advantages of  Polyvinyldenfluoride PVDF Piping

• outstanding mechanical properties, even at high temperatures
PVDF has a high tensile strength and stiffness (Tensile strength at yield 50 Mpa compare to PP
30 Mpa), means it can take lots of abuse. That makes it an ideal choice in vibration‐or impact
prone applications. PVDF's advantages are particularly prevalent at higher temperatures. This
is due to the high fluorine content which causes strong interactions between the PVDF chains.
This, in turn, displaces the softening and the loss of properties to higher temperatures. This
also has an effect on the long‐term creep strength. PVDF shows its outstanding properties in a
temperature range from ‐20 °C to +140 ºC. This allows using the material in a wide range of
applications.
Especially at high temperatures, PVDF provides maximum security. Its high crystalline melting
point at around 173 °C speaks for itself. (*Please consult the pressure‐temperature diagrams
for your operational temperature).
The thermal expansion coefficient of PVDF of 0.12 to 0.18 mm/m K lies clearly above that of
metals. Because of this, its thermal expansion must be taken into account during the planning
of the piping system. As for all polymers.
• excellent chemical resistance
PVDF is resistant to most inorganic solvents and additionally to aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohol and halogenated solvents. PVDF is also not attacked by
dry and moist halogens with the exception of fluorine. PVDF is not resistant against strong
basic amines, alkalis, and alkaline metals. Strong polar solvents, such as ketones and esters and
organic acids can cause PVDF to swell somewhat. (*For detailed information, please refer to
the detailed list of chemical resistance) .
• no electrochemical corrosion
Metallic and anionic contamination in UPW (Ultra Purity Water) systems can shut down
enzymatic processes in bioprocessing, corrode equipment in the electrical power generation
industry and result in either short or long‐term failure of electronic components in
semiconductor chip and photovoltaic cells.
• long service life, even under intensely corrosive conditions
PVDF offers excellent chemical resistance to weak acids, strong acids, oxidizing acids, mixed
acids, organic solvents and many aggresives gases. Such resistance makes it an ideal choice for
severe applications such as : chemical; pulp and paper production, accu battery, fertilizer (super
phospat), pesticide, biodiesel, bioethanol, pharmaceuticals, etc.
• outstanding resistance against UV and γ‐radiation
Outstanding resistance against UV light as well as gamma radiation permits, among other
applications, the use of PVDF piping outdoors. No loss of properties occurs.
• very pure material by implementing without additives
Due to the excellent stability of the PVDF molecule, it is one of the very few materials that can
be processed, welded and used under severe conditions without the use of additives (no
pigments, thermostabilisers, processing aids or fillers). This makes it the material of choice for
applications that demand a very high purity of the medium and have stringent requirements
stipulating that the materials which come in contact with the medium do not leach
contaminants.
• no support of microbial growth
Smooth walls – the extra smooth walls PVDF produces help assure turbulent‐free flow of liquids
and prevent the collection and breeding of fungi, bacteria and other biological impurities.
• physiologically harmless
PVDF is physiologically non‐toxic as long as it is used below the maximum temperature of 150 °C.
During welding, good ventilation is required or alternately the released gases must be extracted.
PVDF can be used in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for items that come into contact with food.
• secure joining by high‐quality welding technology
Joining methods for PVDF pipe include both, welding methods (socket fusion, butt fusion,
beadless fusion, and infra red joining) and mechanical methods (threading, flanged).
• very low heat conductivity
As for all polymers, PVDF is a good thermal insulator because its heat conductivity of 0.19W/m
K is very low. (For comparison, the value for steel is 250 W/m K). Therefore in most cases, no
thermal insulation is required for hot flow media piping system.
• excellent flame retardant properties
PVDF is flame retardant and self extinguishing after removal of the ignition source, the amount
of smoke produced is minimal at 450 °C and only slight at 600 °C. The oxygen index is 78%
(ASTM D 2863). This index indicates the minimum oxygen level necessary for combustion.
PVDF is practically non inflammable in normal environments (comparison of the oxygen index
of other thermoplastics : PE HD 18 %; PMMA 18 %; PPs 28 %; PVC‐U 40 %             in the case of
values below 20,8 %, ignition and continuous combustion is possible after removing the
ignition source.
PVDF Application range

PVDF homopolymer is the strongest of the pipe lining thermoplastics, strong enough that it
can be used as stand alone pipe.
Pharmaceutical industry
PVDF are very pure materials for handling water and chemicals that have special purity
requirement, PVDF can be repeatedly autoclaved and cleaned with steam without changing
physical properties
Food and beverage and dairies industry
requiring low extractable and FDA approved compounds
Ultra pure and pure water systems
Used for : semiconductor manufacturing; electrical power plant construction and for
different industries (e.g. petrochemical industry) ; pharmaceuticals
Chemical processing industry
General chemical processing for corrosive chemical and higher temperature application e.g.
pulp and paper industry : in handling halogens and acids
Metal preparation and Mining
In the metals industry, a variety of acids are used to clean, treat/prepare or separate the final
product. Strong acids like hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic are all
common to this industry. The concentrations of these chemicals can vary throughout the
process, temperatures tend to be elevated, and mixture of acids are common.
Battery
PVDF are exceptionally pure and free of any additives or ionic impurities that can interfere
with electrochemical reactions.
Life Science industry
Biotechnology
Laboratories and research facilities
Hospitals
Dialysis laboratories
Water and waste water treatment plants 
for handling high concentrations of sodium hydro chlorite and membrane filtering system, 
used in mechanical components, fabricated vessels, tanks, pumps, valves, heat exchanger, 
tower packing, piping system. 
Microelectronic industry and semiconductor factories 
requiring very low extractable values
Display factories (LCD,TFT,LED)
Solar cell production  PV
Printed circuit board production (PCB)
Ethylen Chloro Tri FluoroEthylen (ECTFE) piping

Piping system for the transport of highly aggressive chemicals and ultra high purity media, 
ECTFE provides excellent chemical resistance and high mechanical strength even at high 
temperatures. These characteristics enable the use of ECTFE as a cost effective solution for 
many applications with ultra pure media.

Advantages of the ECTFE system : 

ECTFE shows a remarkable hardiness and excellent chemical resistance to most organic and in 
organic chemicals ( pH value 0 to 14, max 140° C) as well as solvents ( max. 120° C).

Sulphuric acid H2SO4 98% 
Hydrochloric acid HCL 37% 
Hydrofluoric acid HF 90% 
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 50% 
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 60% 
Nitric acid HNO3 65% 
Solvents
Chorine and chlorine compounds
ECTFE Application range

ECTFE is primarily used in the chemical, semiconductor, photovoltaic, pharmaceutical and 
petrochemical industries for the following application areas : 
Supply system for chemicals
Process equipment and distribution piping systems
Hot ultra‐pure water systems
Double containment piping systems
H2SO4 injection piping for sewage treatment plants
Ventilation piping for aggressive media and high purity media
Lining as corrosion protection for steel, FRP and concrete tanks

Outstanding features

Stable and highly resistant to crack growth
Ultra pure and flame resistant
( FM4910 tested raw material; UL94‐VO) 
Physiological non toxic application
Resistant to high pressure
Resistant to UV and gamma radiation
Resistant to diffusion and permeation
THANK YOU



      www.sugison.com
      www.grahamika.indonetwork.co.id

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Non metallic piping for high service working temperature

  • 2. For many years, stainless steel remains a piping material selected for industrial process systems e.g. in pharmaceutical industry. High mechanical strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion allow stainless steel components to be sterilized or sanitized in a variety of ways while withstanding high temperatures. Chemical passivation for stainless steel is frequently required to remove free ions from the surface and restore the oxide film that gives stainless steel its corrosion resistance. But orbital welding techniques used with stainless steel piping systems can cause rough surfaces. Roughing surfaces (induced bacterial proliferation), metallic ion contamination and post‐installation maintenance of inner surface finishes are the reason of many industries are seeking ways to leave behind the currently‐used troublesome materials. Due to its metallic ion contamination, most steel was removed from microelectronics UPW (Ultra Purity Water) systems in the 1980s and replaced with high performance polymers PVDF, ECTFE and PP high purity. Properties and system performance of plastics may vary. When selecting the proper plastics piping, the engineer optimizes performance by matching particular system requirements with cost efficiencies. Non‐contamination, surface‐finish smoothness (reducing the possibility for micro‐organic deposits and growth), sanitation and sterilization adaptability, as well as welding and system capabilities, are among the chief criteria. Thermoplastics piping is frequently used for commercial and industrial applications such as for conveying chilled and process waters, aqueous solutions of corrosive chemicals, slurries, foods, and substances that must remain uncontaminated by metallic ions.
  • 3. Advantages of thermoplastics piping is virtual freedom from attack by ambient water and moisture. Thermoplastics piping is not subject to surface attacks in any way comparable to the rusting or environtmental corrosion of metals. Thermoplastics, being nonconductors, are immune to the electrochemical based corrosion process induced by electrolytes such as acids, bases and salts. In addition, plastics pipe materials are not vulnerable to biological attack. In sum, thermoplastics are not subject to corrosion in most environtment in both aboveground and underground service. This has resulted in negligible costs for maintenance and external protection such as painting, plastic coating, galvanizing, electroplating, wrapping, and cathodic protection. Another principal advantage offered by thermoplastics is their lower specific gravity, which results in ease of handling, storage, and installation, as well as in lower transportation cost. The smooth pipe surfaces yield low friction factors and very low tendency to fouling. They also offer very good abrasion resistance, even when conveying slurries that can rapidly abrade harder materials. The smooth surface finish combined with the upgraded welding technology give polymer pipe some significant advantages over current steel technology. Polymer’s less frequent sanitization and cleaning cycles translate into fewer interruptions in plant operations and lower overall production costs. Many joining methods are available for plastic pipe. It can be threaded, flanged, cemented, heat‐fused, and compression fitted. The many joining methods make plastic pipe adaptable to most filed applications.
  • 4. The principal limitations of thermoplastics arise from their relatively low strength and stiffness and greater sensitivity of mechanical propertise to temperature. As a result, their primary use is for gravity and lower pressure applications at near ambient temperatures. Some plastics qualify for hot water service, and there are some specialty materials that can be used to close to 150 °C. Not withstanding these restrictions, thermoplastics piping satisfies the performance requirements for a very broad range of applications. Additives are essential components of most thermoplastics piping compositions. They facilitate processing, enhance certain properties, and provide required protection during fabrication and service. There are only few thermoplastics (e.g. certain fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF) that do not require the incorporation of some type of additive because they already have sufficient natural thermal stability and aging and weathering resistance. The precise nature and quantities of additives that can be used for piping compositions are delimited by their effect on engineering properties, such as rigidity, impact strength, chemical resistance, creep resistance, rupture strength under longterm loading, and fatigue endurance. For example, the use of an inorganic filler can compromised the natural resistance of polymers to very strong acids or bases. Also too much filler, or use of a filler of a coarse grade, or its inadequate dispersion can introduce physical discontinuities, or internal faults, that can compromise long term strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue endurance. Another example is the excessive use of liquid stabilizers or lubricants, which tends to plasticize the plastic and thereby make it less creep‐resistant and more sensitive to temperature.
  • 5. Additionally, the properties of the base polymer used in a plastics piping composition are not only determined by the chemical elements, or atoms, from which the polymer is made, but are also profoundly influenced by the specific geometrical arrangement by which the polymer’s atoms are combined to form a macromolecule. A most important molecular structural parameter is the length of the molecular chain. The longer the chain, the larger and heavier the molecule. Polymers used for engineering applications consist of relatively long molecules in order to yield satisfactory levels of longer‐term strength, ductility, and toughness. Molecule size is denoted by molecular weight, which is the sum of the atomic masses of all the elements in the molecule. Since all the molecules in a polymer are not of the same size, the degree of polymerization is usually expressed by the polymer’s average molecular weight. The nature of the distribution of molecular sizes also bears a significant influence on a number of physical and mechanical properties. Thermoplastics used for piping applications tend to be of relatively high molecular weight and of relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. However, the molecular weight cannot be so large as to result in a melt viscosity so high as to hinder proper fabrication of the end product. Polypropylene (PP) piping Polypropylene (PP) is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical properties not found in other thermoplastics. Compared to low or high density PE, PP has a lower impact strength, but superior working temperature and tensile strength. PP is tough, heat resistant, semi rigid material that is ideal for the transfer of hot liquids or gasses. Polypropyelen‐ based piping is also the lightest weight plastic material.
  • 6. In comparison to other thermoplastics such as PE HD and PVC‐U, PP shows a thermal stability  up to  100 C ( short terms up to 110 C for pressureless systems)  and 95 C for permanent use. PP shows good impact strength in comparison to PVC‐U.  Polypropylene  is a fairly  ductile material  at ambient temperatures and it demonstrates good  impact  strength.   Polypropylene is available  in three different  types  according   to DIN 8078 Type 1 : PP H ( homopolymer)  Type 2 : PP B ( block copolymer)  Type 3 : PP R ( random polymer)  Copolymer  is referred to as  PPR, with the R  designating the term  random copolymer. PPH is  the standard designation for homopolymer polypropylene. By copolymerisating with ethylene  special   properties  are achieved as in  PP types 2  and 3,  which  result in  an improved higher  impact strength of the products in comparison to PP H. Polypropylene is used in chemical  piping, and pure water systems. It is chemically resistant to  many strong and weak acids.  In addition, it is one of the few materials  that is recommended  for strong bases such as sodium  hydroxide. It is not ideal for strong oxidizing acids, aromatics,  and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 
  • 7. Advantages of Polypropylene Piping • Low specific weight of 0, 91 g/ cm3 ( PVC‐U  1,40 g/ cm3)  • High creep resistance • Excellent chemical resistance • Good weld ability • Excellent abrasion resistance • Smooth inside surface of the pipes, therefore  no deposits and no growth over possible due to less frictional resistance • Less pressure losses in comparison with e.g metals • PP is a bad conductor of heat – therefore in most cases, no thermal insulation is required for  hot water piping system PP (polypropylene) physiological non toxicity :  With respect to its composition, polypropylene complies with the relevant food stuff regulations  ( according OENORM B 5014 Part 1, FDA, BGA, KTW guidelines) . PP H and PP R AGRU both types  have been stabilized  against high  temperature and the best suited materials for the  production  of pressure piping systems.
  • 8. SPECIAL GRADE POLYPROPYLENE Polypropylene is also available in highly specialized grades developed for specific applications. PP H‐s ( Polypropylene  ‐ homopolymere,  flame retardant) , due  to the  higher  stiffness  of PP‐s,  it is  well  suited for  ventilation  and degassing pipes,  as well as flue  lining  systems.   It may not be  used for outdoors applications due to the missing UV stabilization. PPH‐s is a self‐extinguishing  homopolymer polypropylene with enhanced fire ratings as compared to standard PP.  Fire behaviour according UL 94 ‐‐> V2 according DIN 4102 ‐‐> class B1 PP R‐s‐el Is  a copolymer  (Polypropylene  random  copolymere,  flame  retardant,  electro  conductive) ;  According  to standard UL 94 ‐‐> V0 ; polypropylene with the added property of being electro‐ conductive/ specific surface resistance < 106 Ohm. Many  applications call for a piping system to be  grounded due to the transport of flammable  materials/ easy ignitable media. During operation, a static charge can build on the surface of a  standard  plastic pipe.  If the material is not conductive,  it cannot be properly  grounded  and,  therefore,  runs the risk of potential static discharge to the media.   Electro‐conductive PP can be grounded to avoid this hazard. Finally, PPR‐s‐el is the combination of the electro‐conductive  property and the enhanced fire ratings.  PP‐R black : (Polypropylene  random copolymere black  coloured) :  The  essential  advantage of  this black  coloured material type is the UV resistance for an operating  periode over of 10 years, which  is  not available with grey PP.
  • 9. PP‐R, natural (Polypropylene –random‐copolymer, natural). PP‐R natural contains no colour additives, it is applied mainly for high purity water piping system. However this material is not UV resistant. PP‐B, grey PPB is a polypropylene block copolymer grey coloured , the product is characterized by its excellent impact properties, as well as a high heat stability and extremely high extraction stability. PP‐R natural AGRU for purity piping
  • 10. Polyvinyldenfluoride (PVDF) piping Today, pure and ultra pure water has become an essential ingredient in a wide range applications, such as : 1) Water for cleaning the surfaces of semiconductor wafers and liquid crystal panels, which must have no minute foreign particles (use in semiconductor and electronics industries). 2) Water for steam generators for the power generating turbines needed for the stable operation of power stations (use in electrical power industries). 3) Refined water and injection water for medical care and pharmaceutical industries where safety is vital in any situation (pharmaceutical and hospital industry) 4) Blank water for microanalysis in analytical chemistry, directly linked with the analysis level (laboratory, biotechnology, and chemical industry). 5) Water for food and beverage processing industry Many industries are seeking ways to leave behind the currently‐used troublesome materials. Stainless steel imposed constant and increasing problems: rouging, pitting, corrosion, metallic‐ poisoning, aggravated compliance issues, costly and environmentally adverse cleaning protocols, and inadvertent fracture, plus costly biofilm issues. Stainless steel corrode over time as the minor ingredients are lost and as electrochemical potentials arise which promote the oxidation in even the “mildest” of chemical conditions, i.e. hot steam, and the resulting rust (”rouging”) contaminates and compromises the quality of the products being produced in such equipment.
  • 11. PVDF piping system offering lower initial cost, less weight, complete resistance to corrosion, good thermal insulation, elimination of the passivation process, extremely smooth interior surface have increased their application, particularly in system such as purified water distribution loops and other critical processes. PVDF is extremely pure polymer and contains in comparison with a lot of other plastics no stabilizers UV, thermo stabilizers, softener, lubricants or flame retardants additives. Its particular suitable for ultra pure water constructions and for the transport of clear chemical liquids in the semiconductor industry. Due to its chemical inertness, reaction against most media is nearly impossible. PVDF offers with its properties an ideal compromise in connection with a very easy processing and an advantageous to price performance ratio. Advantages of  Polyvinyldenfluoride PVDF Piping • outstanding mechanical properties, even at high temperatures PVDF has a high tensile strength and stiffness (Tensile strength at yield 50 Mpa compare to PP 30 Mpa), means it can take lots of abuse. That makes it an ideal choice in vibration‐or impact prone applications. PVDF's advantages are particularly prevalent at higher temperatures. This is due to the high fluorine content which causes strong interactions between the PVDF chains. This, in turn, displaces the softening and the loss of properties to higher temperatures. This also has an effect on the long‐term creep strength. PVDF shows its outstanding properties in a temperature range from ‐20 °C to +140 ºC. This allows using the material in a wide range of applications.
  • 12. Especially at high temperatures, PVDF provides maximum security. Its high crystalline melting point at around 173 °C speaks for itself. (*Please consult the pressure‐temperature diagrams for your operational temperature). The thermal expansion coefficient of PVDF of 0.12 to 0.18 mm/m K lies clearly above that of metals. Because of this, its thermal expansion must be taken into account during the planning of the piping system. As for all polymers. • excellent chemical resistance PVDF is resistant to most inorganic solvents and additionally to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohol and halogenated solvents. PVDF is also not attacked by dry and moist halogens with the exception of fluorine. PVDF is not resistant against strong basic amines, alkalis, and alkaline metals. Strong polar solvents, such as ketones and esters and organic acids can cause PVDF to swell somewhat. (*For detailed information, please refer to the detailed list of chemical resistance) . • no electrochemical corrosion Metallic and anionic contamination in UPW (Ultra Purity Water) systems can shut down enzymatic processes in bioprocessing, corrode equipment in the electrical power generation industry and result in either short or long‐term failure of electronic components in semiconductor chip and photovoltaic cells.
  • 13. • long service life, even under intensely corrosive conditions PVDF offers excellent chemical resistance to weak acids, strong acids, oxidizing acids, mixed acids, organic solvents and many aggresives gases. Such resistance makes it an ideal choice for severe applications such as : chemical; pulp and paper production, accu battery, fertilizer (super phospat), pesticide, biodiesel, bioethanol, pharmaceuticals, etc. • outstanding resistance against UV and γ‐radiation Outstanding resistance against UV light as well as gamma radiation permits, among other applications, the use of PVDF piping outdoors. No loss of properties occurs. • very pure material by implementing without additives Due to the excellent stability of the PVDF molecule, it is one of the very few materials that can be processed, welded and used under severe conditions without the use of additives (no pigments, thermostabilisers, processing aids or fillers). This makes it the material of choice for applications that demand a very high purity of the medium and have stringent requirements stipulating that the materials which come in contact with the medium do not leach contaminants. • no support of microbial growth Smooth walls – the extra smooth walls PVDF produces help assure turbulent‐free flow of liquids and prevent the collection and breeding of fungi, bacteria and other biological impurities. • physiologically harmless PVDF is physiologically non‐toxic as long as it is used below the maximum temperature of 150 °C. During welding, good ventilation is required or alternately the released gases must be extracted. PVDF can be used in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for items that come into contact with food.
  • 14. • secure joining by high‐quality welding technology Joining methods for PVDF pipe include both, welding methods (socket fusion, butt fusion, beadless fusion, and infra red joining) and mechanical methods (threading, flanged). • very low heat conductivity As for all polymers, PVDF is a good thermal insulator because its heat conductivity of 0.19W/m K is very low. (For comparison, the value for steel is 250 W/m K). Therefore in most cases, no thermal insulation is required for hot flow media piping system. • excellent flame retardant properties PVDF is flame retardant and self extinguishing after removal of the ignition source, the amount of smoke produced is minimal at 450 °C and only slight at 600 °C. The oxygen index is 78% (ASTM D 2863). This index indicates the minimum oxygen level necessary for combustion. PVDF is practically non inflammable in normal environments (comparison of the oxygen index of other thermoplastics : PE HD 18 %; PMMA 18 %; PPs 28 %; PVC‐U 40 % in the case of values below 20,8 %, ignition and continuous combustion is possible after removing the ignition source.
  • 15. PVDF Application range PVDF homopolymer is the strongest of the pipe lining thermoplastics, strong enough that it can be used as stand alone pipe. Pharmaceutical industry PVDF are very pure materials for handling water and chemicals that have special purity requirement, PVDF can be repeatedly autoclaved and cleaned with steam without changing physical properties Food and beverage and dairies industry requiring low extractable and FDA approved compounds Ultra pure and pure water systems Used for : semiconductor manufacturing; electrical power plant construction and for different industries (e.g. petrochemical industry) ; pharmaceuticals Chemical processing industry General chemical processing for corrosive chemical and higher temperature application e.g. pulp and paper industry : in handling halogens and acids Metal preparation and Mining In the metals industry, a variety of acids are used to clean, treat/prepare or separate the final product. Strong acids like hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic are all common to this industry. The concentrations of these chemicals can vary throughout the process, temperatures tend to be elevated, and mixture of acids are common. Battery PVDF are exceptionally pure and free of any additives or ionic impurities that can interfere with electrochemical reactions.
  • 17. Ethylen Chloro Tri FluoroEthylen (ECTFE) piping Piping system for the transport of highly aggressive chemicals and ultra high purity media,  ECTFE provides excellent chemical resistance and high mechanical strength even at high  temperatures. These characteristics enable the use of ECTFE as a cost effective solution for  many applications with ultra pure media. Advantages of the ECTFE system :  ECTFE shows a remarkable hardiness and excellent chemical resistance to most organic and in  organic chemicals ( pH value 0 to 14, max 140° C) as well as solvents ( max. 120° C). Sulphuric acid H2SO4 98%  Hydrochloric acid HCL 37%  Hydrofluoric acid HF 90%  Sodium hydroxide NaOH 50%  Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 60%  Nitric acid HNO3 65%  Solvents Chorine and chlorine compounds
  • 18. ECTFE Application range ECTFE is primarily used in the chemical, semiconductor, photovoltaic, pharmaceutical and  petrochemical industries for the following application areas :  Supply system for chemicals Process equipment and distribution piping systems Hot ultra‐pure water systems Double containment piping systems H2SO4 injection piping for sewage treatment plants Ventilation piping for aggressive media and high purity media Lining as corrosion protection for steel, FRP and concrete tanks Outstanding features Stable and highly resistant to crack growth Ultra pure and flame resistant ( FM4910 tested raw material; UL94‐VO)  Physiological non toxic application Resistant to high pressure Resistant to UV and gamma radiation Resistant to diffusion and permeation
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