2. Overview of global stripe rust monitoring:
lessons learned from stem rust monitoring
Second International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium
Regional Cereal Rust Research Centre, Izmir Turkey
April 28th
– May 1st
2014
Faculty of Agriculture &
Environment
Plant Breeding Institute
Professor Robert F. Park
Judith & David Coffey Chair in Sustainable Agriculture
robert.park@sydney.edu.au
Dr Dave Hodson
CIMMYT Ethiopia
4. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
5. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
6. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
7. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
8. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
9. RELEASE OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER
RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESISTANT VARIETY
INCREASE
IN
ACREAGE
DECREASE
IN
ACREAGE
The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”
The more information we have on the disease, the pathogen and the host,
the more efficient control strategies become
10. Integrated surveillance
“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with the
importance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when
in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not take
the trouble to make careful estimates.”
Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work
Phytopathology 8: 219-228.
Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host
- advocacy
- risk analysis and mitigation
- direction for resistance breeding
Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for
pre-breeding and breeding
11. “How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with the
importance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when
in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not take
the trouble to make careful estimates.”
Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.
Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host
- advocacy
- risk analysis and mitigation
- direction for resistance breeding
Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for
pre-breeding and breeding
Integrated surveillance
12. “How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with the
importance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when
in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not take
the trouble to make careful estimates.”
Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.
Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host
- advocacy
- risk analysis and mitigation
- direction for resistance breeding
Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for
pre-breeding and breeding
Integrated surveillance
13. “How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with the
importance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when
in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not take
the trouble to make careful estimates.”
Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.
Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host
- advocacy
- risk analysis and mitigation
- direction for resistance breeding
Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for
pre-breeding and breeding
Integrated surveillance
14. “How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with the
importance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when
in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not take
the trouble to make careful estimates.”
Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.
Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host
- advocacy
- risk analysis and mitigation
- direction for resistance breeding
Importantly, it should also provide relevant pathogen germplasm
(“pathotypes”, “races”, “strains”) for pre-breeding and breeding
Integrated surveillance
15. Distribution and incidence:
• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]
• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host]
• when?
• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?
• how much is present?
Adding value - information on the pathogen:
• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?
• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?
Adding value - information on the host:
• what cultivars are grown in the region?
• what resistance genes do they carry?
Iraq
May 2010
Integrated surveillance
Extension/ outreach
16. Distribution and incidence:
• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]
• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host]
• when?
• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?
• how much is present?
Adding value - information on the pathogen:
• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?
• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?
Adding value - information on the host:
• what cultivars are grown in the region?
• what resistance genes do they carry?
Iraq
May 2010
Integrated surveillance
Extension/ outreach
17. Distribution and incidence:
• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]
• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host]
• when?
• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?
• how much is present?
Adding value - information on the pathogen:
• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?
• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?
Adding value - information on the host:
• what cultivars are grown in the region?
• what resistance genes do they carry?
Iraq
May 2010
Integrated surveillance
Extension/ outreach
18. Rusts migrate rapidly over long distances (within and between continents)
Rust pathogens are highly variable (e.g. mutation)
More rust = more mutants = more races = resistances are overcome more rapidly
Less rust = fewer mutants = fewer races = resistances last longer
Strong justification for regional/ global coordination and collaboration
Rusts are therefore “social diseases”
Global monitoring of rust pathogens –why?
Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing
19. Surveillance scales:
Temporal [short-term, long-term]
Spatial [national, international, global]
Surveillance has been conducted for all 3 wheat rusts in
many countries and in some regions
Few examples of truly international surveys, and even
fewer of global monitoring
1st
International Plant Pathology Conference (1968),
resolution passed to survey regional differences in
virulence in several plant pathogens including P.
graminis tritici and P. striiformis tritici
Until now, no long term global surveillance effort made on any plant pathogen
Global surveillance of wheat rust pathogens
20. The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System [GCRMS]
The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System is the first time a concerted
integrated surveillance effort has been made for a rust (disease, host,
pathogen) globally, long-term.
Stem rust baseline survey workshop [Nov 2008 Shimla India]
21. Four components:
Component 23.a. GCRMS
Component 23.b. Surveillance
Component 23.c. Pathogen characterization
Component 23.d. Host characterization
12 organisations involved in research
Many contributing partners
Underpins pre-breeding (Objective 26), breeding (Objective 25), and the release and
post-release management of wheat germplasm (Objective 21).
Provides guidance to stem rust phenotyping activities (Objective 24), and is
instrumental in advocacy efforts (Objective 22).
Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat Project, Objective 23
22. GCRMS – current status
Online resources:
RustTracker
Wheat Rust Toolbox
Data from 2013:
1,240 published records
16+ countries
2 new countries – Malawi + Tanzania
Overall data:
13,043 published survey records
35 countries
23. Long-term sustainability
Pathogen
Limitations on movement of living rust cultures between countries
In-country race analysis
Preserving living cultures of rust isolates
Use of key pathotypes in pre-breeding and breeding
Monitoring virulence for minor (Adult Plant) resistance
Host – risk assessment and mitigation [early warning]
What cultivars are grown in different regions
The resistance genes in those cultivars and advanced breeding lines
Sharing information
Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing
Lessons learned: gaps and challenges
Molecular diagnostics
Linked markers
24. Long-term sustainability
Pathogen
Limitations on movement of living rust cultures between countries
In-country race analysis
Preserving living cultures of rust isolates
Use of key pathotypes in pre-breeding and breeding
Monitoring virulence for minor (Adult Plant) resistance
Host – risk assessment and mitigation [early warning]
What cultivars are grown in different regions
The resistance genes in those cultivars and advanced breeding lines
Sharing information
Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing
Lessons learned: gaps and challenges
Molecular diagnostics
Linked markers
25. - increased stripe rusting in triticale cv. Tobruk in southern NSW in 2009
- due to virulence for a minor APR gene, YrTobruk
+ YrTobruk
Images courtesy of Dr Colin Wellings
Most cultivars have both major and minor (backbone) resistance
-minor gene resistance to stripe rust in Tobruk triticale defeated
134 E16 A+ J+
134 E16 A+ J+ T+
26. Avocet NILs, Dr Colin Wellings
-monitoring virulence for minor genes
Genotype Yr gene
Yr1/6*Avocet S Yr18
Yr5/6*Avocet S Yr5
Yr6/6*Avocet S Yr6
Yr7/6*Avocet S Yr7
Yr8/6*Avocet S Yr8
Yr9/6*Avocet S Yr9
Yr10/6*Avocet S Yr10
Yr15/6*Avocet S Yr15
Yr17/6*Avocet S Yr17
Yr18/6*Avocet S Yr18
Yr24/6*Avocet S Yr24
Yr26/6*Avocet S Yr26
Yr27/6*Avocet S Yr27
Yr32/6*Avocet S Yr32
YrSp/6*Avocet S YrSpaldings Prolific
Avocet R YrA
Avocet S
147 two-gene combination lines have been
produced
Yr4, Lr53/Yr35, Yr40, Yr49 and YrJub II under
development
NILs with APR genes also under development
27. Knowing resistance genes in cultivars
-wheat stem rust in Germany 2013
Image courtesy of Dr Kerstin Flath Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI)
Pathotype is TKTTC (not Ug99)
Information regarding Sr genes in
German wheat cvs is lacking
At present, little or no idea of the
threat posed to German or
European wheat production
28. Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype
Cultivar Leaf Rust Stem Rust
Stripe Rust Stripe Rust
Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe RustWA pt Yr17-27 pt
Axe MR MS R-MR R-MR Sr8b
Bolac MR-MS MR R-MR R-MR Sr30 Yr4
Carinya R R-MR R MR-MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18
Catalina R R-MR MS MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18
Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS-S MS-S Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Correll MS-S MR MR-MS MR-MS Sr30
Crusader R R-MR R MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Derrimut R MR R MS-S Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17
EGA Gregory R-MR MR MR MR Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18
EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Espada R R-MR R MR-MS Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17
Gladius MS MR R MR-MS Lr37 Sr38 Yr17
Livingston R MR-MS R - Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30
Mace R MR R S-VS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30
Peake R MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Ventura R R-MR R MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17
Wyalkatchem R S S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15 Yr29*, Yr30
Yitpi MS S MS MS Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Knowing resistance genes in cultivars
-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program
30. Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype
Cultivar Leaf Rust Stem Rust
Ug99 Ug99+Sr24
Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust(predicted) (predicted)
Axe MR MS S S Sr8b
Bolac MR-MS MR S S Sr30 Yr4
Carinya R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18
Catalina R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18
Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS MS Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Correll MS-S MR S S Sr30
Crusader R R-MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Derrimut R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17
EGA Gregory R-MR MR S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18
EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MS MS Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Espada R R-MR R S Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17
Gladius MS MR S S Lr37 Sr38 Yr17
Livingston R MR-MS MS MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30
Mace R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30
Peake R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Ventura R R-MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17
Wyalkatchem R S R R Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15 Yr29*, Yr30
Yitpi MS S S S Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Knowing resistance genes in cultivars
-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program
31. Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype
Cultivar Leaf Rust Stem Rust
Ug99 Ug99+Sr24
Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust(predicted) (predicted)
Axe MR MS S S Sr8b
Bolac MR-MS MR S S Sr30 Yr4
Carinya R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18
Catalina R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18
Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS MS Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Correll MS-S MR S S Sr30
Crusader R R-MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Derrimut R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17
EGA Gregory R-MR MR S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18
EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MS MS Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Espada R R-MR R S Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17
Gladius MS MR S S Lr37 Sr38 Yr17
Livingston R MR-MS MS MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30
Mace R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30
Peake R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30
Ventura R R-MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17
Wyalkatchem R S R R Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15 Yr29*, Yr30
Yitpi MS S S S Lr34 Sr30 Yr18
Knowing resistance genes in cultivars
-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program
32. “The price of security from rust damage is a
continuous vigilance in the form of surveys to detect
any pathogenic changes …. And unrelenting efforts
to develop cereal varieties resistant to any virulent
races that may arise”
[Johnson and Newton, 1946]
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
Yields in Australian cereal crops are generally low & hence genetic resistance is the most effective and economical means of diseas control
The ACRCP is a national program targeting control of cereal rust diseases by genetic resistance
Why is a nationally coordinated approach needed?
Rust diseases have caused significant losses to Australian cereal crops (some estimates are given)
