1. Urban Self-Sufficiency with
Sustainable Energy & Clean Mobility
Gustav R. Grob. F.IP (F.EI)
International Sustainable Energy Organization ISEO
Chairman ISO/TC203/WG3 Energy Systems Analysis
President International Clean Energy Consortium ICEC

2. The complexity of the future global sustainable energy system intelligently
interlinking a multitude of decentralized clean energy sources with efficient
stationary users and electric vehicles with millions of buffer batteries

3. Energy supply for a growing population is
facing fundamental change for three reasons:
1 - The economic supply of the mineral energy
resources oil and gas is ending in a few decades.
2 - Health hazards, risks and global warming caused
by emissions from combustion engines.
3 - Imperative conservation of the fossil resources
for the chemical and metallurgical industries.

4. TOTAL USABLE
ENERGY ON EARTH
DEPLETION OF FINITE ENERGY RESOURCES
E ENERGY
[PWh]
200 MAXIMUM
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
OPTION B
INEVITABLE CLIMAX OF
OPTION A
MINERAL ENERGY
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY
SITUATION 2000 SOLAR PV & THERMAL ENERGY DIRECT
WIND POWER
100
HYDRO POWER / TIDAL / WAVE POWER
HAZARDOUS AND OCEAN & GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
BIOMASS / BIOGAS ENERGY
DEPLETING ENERGY AMBIENT ENERGY
CONSUMPTION MUSCLE POWER
(FOSSIL & FISSILE)
OPTION 0 (ZERO-SUBSTITUTION)
RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
t
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
[YEARS]
SOURCE : ISEO ENERGY HISTORY & FORECAST

5. Global Warming Forecasts
by prominent scientists of
Meteorological Institutes
Prevention of catastrophic
global warming by clean
sustainable energies

6. To cope with these serious problems, benign,
renewable energy systems must be multiplied
to replace conventional combustion
Smart grid electricity is the ultimate concept

7. WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO 2000 - 2050
300. 0
250. 0
200. 0
WORLD E NE RGY DE M AND
2% ANNUAL GROWT H
150. 0
RE NE WABLE E NE RGY
DE M AND GROWT H AV . 5. 2 %
100. 0
50. 0
FI NI T E E NE RGY DE CLI NE
0.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
So u r c e f o r F i n i t e E n e r g y D a t a : A SP O a t w w w . p e a k o i l . n e t & K y o t o P r o t o c o l

8. Hydropower
Wind Power
Heat
Clean Pumps
Vehicles
Solar
Energy
Bio
Energy
Geothermal
Energy Ocean Energy

9. Energy Option Immediately Feasible Theoretical Potential
- Bio energy 50 PWh/year 80
- Hydropower 8 15
- Geothermal Electricity Conventional 2 ⎞
- Geothermal Electricity Hot Dry Rock 80 ⎬ 400
- Geothermal Heat 4 ⎠
- Wind Power 53 160
- Solar Power PV 6 ⎞
- Solar Thermal Power 40 ⎬ 435
- Solar Active Heat 20 ⎪
- Solar Passive Heat 10 ⎠
- Ocean Energy 15 200
- Heat Pumps 10 50
- Muscle Energy 1 10
- Novel Energy Technologies (R&D) 50 200
Total Renewable Energy Potential 348 PWh/year max. 1550 PWh/year
more than twice present world energy consumption

10. Geothermal Energy
Borehole systems
a) Hydraulic fracturing by high pressure Brunnschweiler system with safely controlled
with relatively small energy yields closed primary water cycle in insulated well
or and
b) Boreholes to geothermal aquifers secondary steam turbine cycle with co-generation
in open systems with limited energy for district heating, AC, greenhouses, industry
Disadvantages:
a) Water is finding way
of lowest resistance
= limited Energy yield
b) Only in hydro
geologic strata often
far from consumers. Advantages:
Often high energy No yields by hazard !
transport cost. Super performance (GW).
Often limited to heat No fuels or waste problems.
production only. Excavated materials re-used.
Base load power plus heat
Energy cost:
5-10 $¢/kWh Energy cost: 2–4 $¢/kWh

11. Advantages of geothermal deep well
energy co-generation
Produces electricity and heat (suitable also for AC)
Much lower net cost than any other energy source
Can be built near agglomerations and substations
Less energy transmission line cost – hence also
less transmission losses than other power plants
Invisible, no air or water pollution and no noise
Ideal power source for clean electric vehicles
No radiation risks or other health hazards
Creates new clean sustainable jobs
No waste disposal problems !
Lasts forever !

12. Typical locations
Example NRW
Subsitution of
Nuclear & Coal

13. Finite Nuclear Power (to be replaced)

14. Sucess Story: Barcelona Solar Ordinance
One of the first cities to oblige owners to equip roofs with solar collectors !
To heat all the domestic sanitary water by solar energy it is necessary to cover
1.62 % of municipal surface or 2.82 % of built surface, representing
1.07 m2/capita > 2.4 m2/appartment > 20.15 m2/residential building
Evolution of solar collector surface since ordinance enforcement:
40000 m2
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

15. Conclusions of the ISEO Energy Study
1. There is more affordable renewable energy available on Earth than
humankind ever needs at the foreseeable population growth rate.
2. Most renewable energy systems like GEOCOGEN are competitive
with the depleting non-renewable sources - even more so, if the
full costing “polluters-pay” principle and smart grids are applied.
3. All nations and cities are able to become energy self-sufficient
with renewables and thus can drastically reduce pollution by
cleaner, more efficient power plants and transport modes.
4. The remaining finite mineral energy resources can and must be
conserved for higher added value purposes in the chemical and
metallurgical industries.

16. Transportation absorbs over 1/3 of World Energy Production
i.e. over 50 % of World Oil Production
European Shares of Energy for Transportation
The bulk of energy is used
for inefficient road transportation
too many trucks and underutilzed
cars with low-efficiency engines

17. SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORTATION
OF THE FUTURE

18. Clean Rapid Mass Transit and inter-modal
freight systems are indispensable for the
efficient flow of people and goods in highly
populated regions, but also clean and safe
individual transport is required to satisfy the
needs of humans living or working in remote,
scattered locations and for their leisure time.
Solutions are electric trains for goods and
people, clean fuel trucks and ships for inter-
modal transportation, cleaner aero-planes
and efficient 2, 3 & 4-wheelers driven by
clean fuels or electricity from RE sources.

19. Rapid Mass Transit Systems

20. People Transportation
must evolve towards combined Road-Rail
Mass Transit Systems. Excellent example:
the Electric Swiss Rail Network saving
unproductive time of travellers, traffic fines,
parking and fuel cost, pollution, reducing
traffic congestion and improving social life
among the passengers in transit

21. Example: Electric Schoolbus with Supercaps
Inductive Re-Charging

22. Individual Transport
is, however, one of the basic human urges.
It must be satisfied for professional and
leisure purposes. I characterized the car of
the future 1992 in Rio as follows:
Comfortable, Light, Zero-Pollution,
Quite, Safe, Long-Life, Recyclable,
Low Maintenance Cost
& Modern Navigation System

23. EV Concept Solar Car
Battery Charging

24. Future Electric Cars - Long Range & Long Life
Comparison of 15 kWh Batteries by Weight
500
420
400
330
300
Weight 214
(kg)
200 150
75
100
50
0
Pb- Ni-Cd- Ni-MH- Li-Ion- NOVEL
battery battery battery battery batteries

25. COMPARISON OF VEHICLE DRIVE TRAIN COST (40 kW; 240’000 km over 6 years)
Drive Options Battery Hydrogen Hydrogen * Gasoline Remarks
Criteria NOVEL Fuel Cell Combustion Combust. * a standard 4-cylinder combustion engine is used
** gasoline version: 1$/Liter, 10 Liters per 100 km
Li-ion or Amb. Temp. Cryogenic Gasoline *** AC/DC charger on board the electric car for easier battery charging
ZEBRA Storage Storage ** Tank **** cryogenic H2 storage boil off loss depending on parking duration
Relative Drive the same gear box assumed for all options
Investment $/W 0,75 2,35 1,35 < 0.20 including energy management, storage and power train
Energy Cost $/km 0,03 0,07 0,16 0,15 > energy supply at 0,1 $/kWh or H2 at 1 $ per Litre gasoline equivalent
Relative Weight kg 350 250 250 200 > average weight of energy management, storage and power train
Average Range km 300 400 200 400 > with one tank filling or one full charge (plus extra charges at stops)
Energy Efficiency % 0,75 0,32 0,13 0,13 > total efficiency over whole energy chain to gear box
E + Cap. Cost $/km < 0,20 0,56 0,46 0,28 > at 6 % interest over 3 years and 240’000 km usage incl. service & spares
(Total Vehicle Cost)
E-Vehicle maintenance cost are the lowest
BATTERY
η 0.9 0.1 $/W
BATTERY CHARGER ON BOARD *** η 0.9 0.5 $/W 400 kg
PRESSURE CONTROL
AC POWER SUPPLY AC η 0.9 0.1 $/W 50 kg DC
DC η 0.95 0.05 $/W 50 kg FUEL CELL AC
M HYDRIDE
ELECTROLYZER η 0.9 0.1 $/W 200 kg η 0.6 1 $/W 100 kg
SUPPLY AND η 0.92 50 kg
ELECTROLIZER ELECTROLYZER NANOTUBE 0.1 $/W AC M
(STATIONARY) η 0.9 0.1 $/W 100 kg
η 0.75 1 $/W
?? CRYOGENIC COMBUSTION
DIRECT RENEWABLE η 0.6 0.2 $/W 100 kg ENGINE GEAR
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
η 0,3 0.1 $/W 150 kg WHEELS

26. The Merits of Bicycles & Electric 2 & 3 Wheelers
for Good Health and Congested Areas
Taiwan Mail Service
Netherlands Healthy Sisters China

27. The link between electric vehicles and power
The Smart Grid

28. The elements of Smart Grids

29. Smart Power Grid Practicalities

30. Benefits of Rapid Transition to Electric Vehicles
Swiss Example
4 Million Vehicles
Expected Vehicle Growth Rate 2 % p.a.
Intelligent Mix of
3.5 Clean Vehicles
3 PHEV +15 %
PHEV +20 %
2.5 City EV +10 %
Massive Cost
Reductions City EV +20 %
2
Full EV +10 %
1.5 Full EV +20 %
Towards ZERO City Pollution Fuel Engines
1 Fuel Engines
Annual EV
0.5 Fleet Growth
Rates 10 – 20 %
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

31. Visionary clean MASDAR CITY
with absolutely clean traffic

32. Freight Transportation
must undergo drastic change towards
inter-modal road-rail-barge-freighter
transportation by means of standard
ISO containers in line with the
improvement of the railway network and
modern container handling systems

33. Ship-Road-Rail Freight Container Transloading Facility

34. Air Transport
> a tough environmental problem <
It is responsible for excessive pollution in
very sensitive atmospheric layers. It may
be resolved by hydrogen jet engines, as
demonstrated already in the Eighties, or by
air ships lifted by inert gases and propelled
by clean fuels

35. Hydrogen Aeroplanes
Space Shuttle
Clean Airships

36. CONCLUSIONS
Clean vehicles, fed by clean renewable energy
are needed to satisfy individual mobility
Clean Mass transport for people has to take the
pressure off urban traffic congestions
Clean inter-modal freight transport between
cities must be developed much faster
Air transport must become cleaner, quieter
Innovation coupled with huge investments in
clean cities and smart grids fulfil these tasks

37. RECOMMENDATIONS
Accelerate the development of efficient,
quiet and non-polluting drive systems
Implement more electric rapid transit &
inter-modal freight transport systems
Design and manufacture clean, lighter,
quieter, safer, recyclable vehicles
Implement clean, renewable energy
supply systems at a much faster pace !

38. www.uniseo.org