Potential ‘value’ of ecosystem services vis-à-vis cost of project implementation, buyers, current ‘pricing’ and realistic potential revenues
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Presentation by Florence Bernard and Delia Catacutan.
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Potential ‘value’ of ecosystem services vis-à-vis cost of project implementation, buyers, current ‘pricing’ and realistic potential revenues
- 1. Training Workshop on Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) Nairobi, Kenya - August 8th, 2011 Potential ‘value’ of ecosystem services vis-à-vis cost of project implementation, buyers, current ‘pricing’ and realistic potential revenues Florence BernardASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Delia Catacutan ICRAF, Global Research Program 6
- 2. What is the value of ecosystem services? The value of ecosystem services is hard to determine and can not be permanently fixed----ecosystems are dynamic and therefore, their services change overtime (-,+, 0), depending on extent and type of human interactions within those ecosystems. Considering the generational value of ecosystem services, makes ‘pricing’ even more difficult. In some cultures, ecosystem services are priceless– they mean everything that make up their whole being—their past, present and future----ancestors, religions, cultures and traditions, etc. Market approach determines ecosystem service prices by how much the buyer is willing to pay for the service and how much the seller is willing to receive---this ‘willingness’ can be regulated or negotiated.
- 3. Value of ecosystem services and policies However: Markets fail to capture most ecosystem service values Many ecosystem services are either undervalued, or have no value, in current decision making frameworks Policies tend to take more account of shorter term and more localized private gains of benefits (such as increased agricultural productivity from wetland drainage) than longer term and more distant loss of public benefits (such as increased risk of flooding and decreased water quality). Declining capacity of ecosystems to sustain ecosystem services and increasing risks to future human wellbeing
- 4. Why are estimates of ecosystem benefits needed? To justify and decide how to allocate public spending on conservation, preservation, or restoration initiatives and prioritize To compare the benefits of different projects or programs To identify the costs and benefits for different stakeholders from how an ecosystem is managed To consider the public’s values, and encourage public participation and support for environmental initiatives. To justify the need for financial resources to sustain, restore or enhance ecosystem services. Better understanding and quantitative measurement of biodiversity and ecosystem values to support integrated policy assessments are a core part of the long-term solution.
- 5. Total Economic Value of Ecosystem services
- 6. Valuation methods Direct market valuation methods Market Price Method Productivity Method Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods Revealed preference approaches (based on observed behaviour) Hedonic Pricing Method Travel Cost Method Stated preference approaches (people’s WTP for ES in hypothetical markets) Contingent Valuation Method Contingent Choice Method Group valuation Benefit transfer method
- 8. Negotiation and decision costs related to crafting acceptable agreement between parties.
- 11. University faculty and student research
- 15. Once processes are improved.
- 17. A case study of Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica Valuation of tropical forest services and mechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use Source: Bernard, F., de Groot, R.S., Campos, J.J., Valuation of tropical forest services and mechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use: A case study of Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica, Forest Policy and Economics (2009)
- 19. Lack of funds to finance conservation and for effective management of Tapanti NP and its surrounding buffer zone
- 20. No recognition of the economic value of ecosystem services provided by Tapanti NP
- 22. Water supply
- 25. More beneficiaries of ES at the regional and national level than at the local level.
- 28. Conclusion and recommendations Estimates of the financial benefits from the 3 services: US$2.5 million/year, i.e. US$43/ha annually The main beneficiary is the hydroelectric company, receiving almost 65% of total financial benefits from the 3 services at the park included in this study. WTP by interviewed stakeholders was at least 339,000 US$/year (14% of total value), which would be just sufficient to cover the funds needed for sustainable park management (current budget (US$245,000) and additional US$100,000 required by the park to improve management) These potential payments do not yet include the hydroelectricity company, which is one of the major beneficiaries. Their contribution, through a water-tax, could generate considerable additional income for the park.
- 29. Some considerations to keep in mind Developing and implementing financing mechanisms may lead to high transactions costs that should be identified before-hand and should be minimized to ensure the effectiveness of the financial mechanism. Merely increasing financing resources of Tapanti NP will not ensure effective conservation and management of the park unless local communities participate in the conservation of ecosystem services provided by the park, and share in their benefits. The success of implementation and financing mechanisms will require continuous monitoring, enforcing and assessment so that the payments contribute to both long-term sustainable forest management and improved livelihoods of local communities.
- 30. References Nigel Asquith & Sven Wunder (eds). 2008. Payments for Watershed Services: The Bellagio Conversations. FundacionNatura Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Bernard, F., de Groot, R.S., Campos, J.J., Valuation of tropical forest services and mechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use: A case study of Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica, Forest Policy and Economics (2009) http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org
Editor's Notes
- Market Price Method : Estimates economic values for ecosystem products or services that are bought and sold in commercial markets.Productivity Method: Estimates economic values for ecosystem products or services that contribute to the production of commercially marketed goodsDamage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods: Estimate economic values based on costs of avoided damages resulting from lost ecosystem services, costs of replacing ecosystem services, or costs of providing substitute services. Revealed preference approaches (based on observed behaviour)Hedonic Pricing Method: Estimates economic values for ecosystem or environmental services that directly affect market prices of some other good. Most commonly applied to variations in housing prices that reflect the value of local environmental attributes.Travel Cost Method: Estimates economic values associated with ecosystems or sites that are used for recreation. Assumes that the value of a site is reflected in how much people are willing to pay to travel to visit the site.Stated preference approaches people’s WTP for ES in hypothetical markets)6) Contingent Valuation Method: Estimates economic values for virtually any ecosystem or environmental service. The most widely used method for estimating non-use, or “passive use” values. Asks people to directly state their willingness to pay for specific environmental services, based on a hypothetical scenario.7) Contingent Choice MethodEstimates economic values for virtually any ecosystem or environmental service. Based on asking people to make tradeoffs among sets of ecosystem or environmental services or characteristics. Does not directly ask for willingness to pay—this is inferred from tradeoffs that include cost as an attribute.Group valuation: Deliberative and participatory valuation methods. These include group-based deliberative monetary valuation and citizens’ juries. Benefit transfer methodEstimates economic values by transferring existing benefit estimates from studies already completed for another location or issue.Finally, it should be stressed that economic valuation has its limits and can ever only be one input into the decision process. Estimated values of non-market goods and services remain approximations and despite the substantial progress made, no method is perfect. Besides, economic value is not an adequate measure of how important a service may be to human survival. Even incomplete valuation not covering the full range of ecosystem services can provide useful information for decision makers when compared with the benefits from conversion.
- Benefit-cost analysis is a policy decision support tool for quantifying trade-offs between economic benefits and environmental and social losses to society of policies, programs, or actions.A single policy or action may be evaluated to determine whether it provides net economic benefits to society. Alternatively, several policies or programs may be compared to determine which provides the greatest net economic benefits.
- Costa Rica 5% of the world biodiversity 30% of Protected AreaEffective Management has a cost
- High diversity and rarity of ecosystems and speciesKey role in water supply for the whole countryInteresting potential for developing more recreation & tourism
- Integrated assessment framework for ecosystem services analysis and valuationWhat is the current financial situation of Tapanti NP?What is the availability of the selected ecosystem services of Tapanti NP?Which stakeholders can be involved in the process of creating revenues for Tapanti NP?What are the economic benefits stakeholders derive from the ecosystem services provided by Tapanti NP? Which mechanisms could be identified to finance the maintenance of Tapanti NP?
- AvoidedCostMethodCalculationbased on the costs of reactants to removesedimentsfrom waterAvoidedCostMethodCalculationbased on the costs of Angostura and Catchi Plants: - associated to loss of electricity production due to loss of dam capacity - for operation and elimination of sediments due to stop of the plant Use of the Factor IncomeMethodTotal Annual Net Income depending on Tapanti NP= (Income generated before benefit per year – Costs per year) x (% of Income depending on Tapanti NP)
- Once the monetary benefits which are generated by Tapantí NP are (more) clear, that information can be used to attempt tocapture (part of) these benefits by designing and implementing effective financing mechanisms.