Dr Fauquet (Director GCP21), introduces the GCP21 and its efforts to develop a comprehensive and coordinated plan to intensify fight against cassava viruses in Africa and in the world for increased productivity and profitability of the cassava sector. The Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century (GCP21), a recognized global organization within the cassava community, is Declaring War to Cassava Viruses in Africa.

2. GCP21
A Global Alliance
For the
Improvement of Cassava

3. Cassava Producing Countries
105 Countries
20% 50% 30%
Latin America Africa Asia

4. Cassava Producing Countries
Productivity
12t/Ha 10t/Ha 19t/Ha
Latin America Africa Asia

5. Cassava Producing Countries
Surfaces
3MHa 12MHa 3.5MHa
Latin America Africa Asia

6. Cassava Productivity Highly Variable
Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World
220 3.0%
World Yield (T/Ha)
Africa Yield (T/Ha)
Asia
Cumulative Percentage Increase
200 2.5%
Asia Yield (T/Ha)
Latin Amer. Yield (T/Ha)
180 2.0%
% Increase / Year
Africa
160 1.5%
140 1.0%
World
120 0.5%
Latin A
100 0.0%
80
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

7. Cassava Production Highly Variable
Production Increase of Cassava in the World
360
World Production (M Tons)
Africa Production (M Tons) Asia
320 6.0%
Cumulative Percentage Increase
Asia Production (M Tons)
Latin Amer. Production (M Tons)
280 5.0%
% Increase / Year
Africa
4.0%
240
3.0%
200 World
2.0%
160
1.0%
120 Latin A
0.0%
80
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

8. Cassava Production in the World
Proportion of Cassava Production in the World
60.0%
Proportion of Cassava Production in the World
50.0%
Africa
40.0%
Asia
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
Africa % Latin A
Americas %
Asia %
0.0%

9. Cassava Productivity Highly Variable
Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World
40
Cambodia Yield (T/Ha)
35 Vietnam Yield (T/Ha) India
India Yield (T/Ha)
30 Angola Yield (T/Ha)
Yield Increase t/Ha
Malawi Yield (T/Ha)
25 Malawi
Cambodia
20
15
VietNam
10
Angola
5
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

10. Cassava Productivity Highly Variable
Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World
450
Cambodia Yield (T/Ha)
400 Vietnam Yield (T/Ha)
Malawi 7.0%
350
India Yield (T/Ha)
Angola Yield (T/Ha)
Angola 6.0%
Yield Index Increase %
5.0%
% Increase / Year
Malawi Yield (T/Ha)
300
4.0%
250
3.0%
200 2.0%
VietNam
150 1.0%
Cambodia
100 0.0%
India
50
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

11. Cassava Production in Africa
Production Increase of Cassava in Africa
360
Africa Yield (T/Ha)
Production : 350%
Cumulative Percentage Increase
320 Africa Production (M Tons) 6.0%
Africa Area (M Ha)
280 5.0%
% Increase / Year
4.0%
240
200
Surface = 200% 3.0%
2.0%
160
1.0%
120 Productivity = 170% 0.0%
80
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

12. African Food Productivity Increase
African Food Productivity Increase (%)
350 5%
African Food Productivity Increase (%)
300 4%
Wheat
Maize
Potatoes
250 3%
Yams
Rice
Plantain
200 2%
Cowpeas
Sorghum
Groundnuts
150 1% Millet
Sweet Potato
Cassava
100 0%
50

13. African Food Productivity Increase
African Food Productivity Increase (%)
700
Wheat
African Food Productivity Increase (%)
Cassava
600 R² = 0.9802
500
400
300
R² = 0.97761
200
100
10.8 t/Ha 15.4 t/Ha
0.9 b people 2.2 b people
0
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2020 2030 2040 2050

14. African Food Productivity Increase
Increase Cassava Indexes in Africa
1100 12.0%
Africa Yield (T/Ha)
1000
426 Mt
Cumulative Percentage Increase
Africa Production (M Tons)
10.0%
900
Africa Area (M Ha)
800
% Increase / Year
8.0%
700
600 6.0%
500
400 1.9 b people 30 t/Ha 4.0%
300
2.0%
200
100
14.2 MHa 0.0%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

15. Why Cassava?
 Staple food for more than 700 million people in 105
countries
 World’s fourth-most important source of calories
 Resilient to climate change and poor soils
 World’s second-most important source of starch
for industry
 Most widely traded starch in the world
 Vital cash crop for millions of smallholders in Asia and
Latin America
 Used in hundreds of products from flour, syrup, paper,
glue, food additives, animal feed, ethanol and even
beer!

16. What’s in for Cassava
- Yield potential
- Resilience to Global
Warming
- Resilience to poor soils
- Semi-perennial crop
- Starch quantity and quality

17. What’s out for Cassava
- Vegetative propagation
- Pests and diseases
- Lack of science and
technology
- Lack of markets
- Lack of organization

18. African Food Crops Potentials
100%
90%
Potential Productivity %
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Cassava Sorghum Millet Sweet Plantain
Potato

19. Change In suitability for Maize 2050
Contrasting responses between
maize and cassava: 2-3oC temp
rises, changes in prec
CHANGE IN
SUITABILITY
FOR MAIZE -
2050
Negative
Positive

20. Change In suitability for Cassava 2050
CHANGE IN
SUITABILITY
FOR CASSAVA
- 2050
Negative
Positive

21. Change In Whitefly Populations 2050
Bemisia tabaci
Current
2050
1-No suitability, 2-Restricted, 3-Low, 4-Moderate, 5-Optimum

22. What is the Role of GCP21
Global Vision for Cassava
• Feed 2 billion people by 2050
• World yield average of 20 t/ha
• 25% of the production for the
industry

23. What is the Role of GCP21
 To identify R&D gaps in cassava productivity
 To invest Science and Technology in cassava
 To increase funding in cassava
 To develop communications through a
unique portal for all cassava information and
expertise

24. What is Essential for GCP21?
 To be The reference for cassava
 To be fully independent
 To be trusted by the cassava
community and by the donors

25. GCP21 Cassava Chain

26. GCP21 Cassava Chain

27. GCP21 Push-Pull Concept

28. What Should GCP21 Do?

29. What Are The Cassava Bottlenecks?
Cassava Potential
Cassava Resilience
Vegetative Propagation
Genetics, Diseases,
Cassava Productivity
Cassava Value Chain

30. What Will GCP21 NOT Do?
 Implement R&D Projects
 Possess labs and fields
 Conduct experiments

31. What Will GCP21 Be?
An independent non-for-profit
private networking
organization
(Could be hosted by any organization)

32. What Is the Scope of GCP21?
Should be a Unique Global
Independent Organization
Most of the constraints for cassava are global
(genetic, physiology, propagation, starch, root
storage…)
Solutions of problems and application are local
(diseases, nutrition, varieties, processing…)

33. Major Challenge for GCP21
Cassava Portfolio Scientific Working Groups
Constraints
Priorities Teams of Cassava Experts
Experts
Executive Steering
Communication
Management Committee
Thematic Meetings Databases Conferences

34. Where Will GCP21 Be Located?
Donor Belt
Cassava Belt

35. GCP21 Strategy
 Work with CG system and USAID (and other aids)
 Work with NARs and local organizations
 Work with World Bank and AfDB, ADB, IADB
 Work with Advance International Labs
 Work with Embrapa
 Work with CIRAD-IRD-Agropolis
 Work with FAO and other UN agencies
 Work with China, India, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Vietnam

36. GCP21 Strategy
 Work with starch industry; North & South
America, Asia, Europe
 Work with Food Processing companies
 Work with Feed Producing companies
 Work with Energy companies
 Work with Global Harvest Initiative

37. GCP21 Strategy
 Work with humanitarian organizations
 Work with UN organizations
 Work with NGOs in Africa
 Work with all aids organizations in the world
 Work with church networks in Africa
 Work with AU organizations
 Work with policy makers

38. GCP21 Consortium
Founders
CG Centers
Foundations
Aid Agencies
Private Companies
45 Research Institutions
105 National Members
2000 Cassava Scientists and Developers

39. GCP21 Donors
Classical donors and
New donors:
- GHI multinational co
- eCompanies:
Amazon, Google,
Apple
- Starch companies
- Private companies
- Private donors
- Individual cdonors

40. Cassava Productivity
Surpluses
>20t/Ha
Food Security
>15t/Ha
Poverty
<10t/Ha
Africa Latin America Asia

41. A War on Cassava Viruses
Virus Eradication
10t/Ha
Cassava 15t/Ha
Poverty
Circle 20t/Ha

42. A War on Cassava Viruses
 After one century of research and cassava
improvement, CMD is considered as the first biological
constraint for cassava and CBSD is now considered as
one of the top ten viral diseases in the world!
 There is an estimated minimum number of 700 cassava
landraces in Africa, and farmers are very much attached
to their landraces.
 For the last 45 years of active cassava breeding in
international and national institutes, there has been a
fairly poor rate of adoption of new cassava germplasm
released to the African farmers.

43. A War on Cassava Viruses
A key element for success of a
cassava improvement crop is the
rate of adoption of cassava
cultivars by farmers
In parallel, GCP21 is elaborating a road
map to collect, evaluate, clean, identify
and preserve all cassava landraces,
beginning with East Africa

44. Cassava Mosaic Disease
 Caused by
geminiviruses
 There are 9 species of
cassava geminiviruses
in Africa
 ACMV and EACMV are
the most important ones
in East Africa
At least 45Mtons not
produced each year
because of CMD

45. Biodiversity of African Cassava Geminiviruses
EACMUV
EACMTV

46. Outbreak Stages: CMD
Outbreak – late 1980s
Stage 3 –2000s Stage 2 –1990s
> 4 million sq. km.
1920s
Courtesy: J.P. Legg

47. CMD for more than a century
CMD resistant CVs: CMD1: 1930-1970s
CMD2: 1990-present
CMD3: 2012
Transgenic plants: proof of concept CMD,
first products 2016-2020
Opening the possibility to FIX cassava
landraces readily adopted by farmers

48. TME 30572

49. TME 204

50. TME7

51. Transgenic 60444 Resistant to EACMV
CMD1 DR2 CFT at Namulonge – 11MAP

52. Cassava Brown Streak Disease
 First discovered in 1935
in East Africa
 Re-emerged in 2003
Veinal chlorosis of leaves  Caused by 2 species of
ssRNA ipomoviruses
 CBSV and UCBSV
Harvest can be
completely lost
Necrotic rot of roots
for CBSD

53. New Outbreaks of CBSD
>50Mtons
2004
2009
2005
2005
1930s
Courtesy: J.P. Legg

54. CBSD re-emergence since 2003
after disappearance for 70 years
Control methods
CBSD resistant CVs: 1935 (Namikonga)
New release of 6 CBSD resistant CVs 2012
Transgenic plants: proof of concept CBSD,
first products 2016-2020
Possibility to FIX adopted cassava
landraces

55. Namikonga Kiroba
Namikonga Namikonga
Kiroba

56. Confined Field Trial to Evaluate Transgenic Cassava for
Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease - 11/2011

57. Production and Characterization of
Product Quality TME204R
TME204 Cassava Farmer’s Preferred
Cultivar Selected to make the First
Commercial Product

58. A War on Cassava Viruses
Pressure through whiteflies
Climatic Climatic
Conditions EACMV Conditions
Synergism
ACMV
Pressure
through cuttings

59. A War Against Cassava Viruses
Pressure through whiteflies
Climatic
Conditions
Pressure
through cuttings

60. A War Against Cassava Viruses
Investigating new sources of resistance
Resistance to
Resistance to whiteflies
CMD viruses
Resistance
To CMD
Reversion
through cuttings

61. “Reversion”
100% infected plants
0% infected plants

62. A War Against Cassava Viruses

63. A War Against Cassava Viruses

64. A War on Cassava Viruses
- Need to integrate different technologies for better control
Natural resistance for inbred lines
Transgenesis for cassava landraces
Virus-free cuttings for other landraces
- The goal is to deplete the virus load from THE reservoir:
The Cassava Crop itself
- Need a better monitoring system to watch for new viruses
- Need to investigate new sources of resistance to the virus
- Need to investigate possibilities to control whiteflies
through genetic resistance/ transgenesis and IPM
- Need to use cheap propagation methods for virus-free
certified material
- Need a strong integrated strategy to control viruses

65. A War on Cassava Viruses
Investigate Virus
Resistance Control
Mechanisms Whiteflies
Investigate
Whitefly
Resistance
Investigate
?
Reversion
Resistance
Produce Virus- Produce Virus-Free IPM Control of the
Resistant Improved Material Insect Vector
Landraces

66. A War on Cassava Viruses
Virus-Resistant
Material
Geographical Space
Virus-Free
Material
Virus-Free
Certification System
Cassava Seed
Production System
Cassava
Productivity
Improvement

67. A War on Cassava Viruses
International Improved IPM Control of
Exchange of Monitoring and Whiteflies
Material Virus Diagnostic
System
International
Breeding
Field Tests Virus-Free Cassava
Certification Productivity
International Seed System Improvement
and National
Virus Control
Long Term
National Participation of Funding and
Deployment Policy Makers
Strategies and Politicians Planning

68. A Collection of Cassava
Landraces in East Africa
 93% of the cassava landraces in East Africa are NOT in
international collections
 They are under threat to disappear with virus diseases
such as CBSD, after CMD
 Modern molecular breeding can make use of important
traits present in these landraces that are appreciated by
most farmers.
 Opportunity to know more about the farmer and
consumer needs to improve cassava
Tanzania, June 2013

69. Making more user-friendly cassava
products to boost local economy and
stabilize cassava market price
 Use the Cassava Revolution in Nigeria to exemplify
what can be done with and for cassava.
 Use cassava in the local food products like bread, or
make ethanol for local consumption
 Use cassava in modern consumption: beer, coca-cola
 Use cassava for feed to raise animal on farm: no
investment required!
Abuja October 2013

70. Cassava: food and biofuel
Nanning, China 2015
GCP21
Chinese Cassava Agricultural Research System
Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences