2nd IC-ININFO

1. Ionian University
Department of Archive and Library Sciences
Laboratory on Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing
The New Trends for Librarians in Management of
Geographic Information
Ifigenia Vardakosta
Sarantos Kapidakis
{ifigenia,sarantos}@ionio.gr
2nd IC-ININFO
Budapest, 30 Aug. – 2 Sept., 2012

2. Session Overview
• Purpose of the presentation
• Geographic Information (GI)
• Geographical Collections (GC)
• How Librarians Manage GI
• Libraries and Geographical Metadata
• Most used tools
• What’s new?
2nd IC-ININFO Budapest, 30 Aug - 2 Sept.,201
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3. This presentation aims…
• To highlight the importance of GI and its proper
management
• To overview the tools most commonly used for GI
management and,
• Demonstrate the latest changes and developments
in this area according the international literature.
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4. Geographic Information (GI)
“Information about objects or phenomena that are
associated with a location relative to the surface of the
Earth”
(Association of Geography Information)
Why GI is important?
• Almost all human activities contain a geographic element
• The GI processing involves complex and difficult choices
which are to a large extent unique
(Longley e.a., 2010)
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5. The main characteristics of GI
• there is no uniform data model,
• geospatial data vary widely in the amount of
information they show,
• these data are being stored in relational
geodatabases requiring sophisticated storage and
archiving schemes,
• geospatial imagery datasets are often quite large
and metadata may be voluminous as well,
• geospatial data may be produced over time,
• are subject to versioning because of updated
information being made available or to correct past
errors in the data
(Janee, 2009 ; Erwin & Sweetkind-Singer, 2010)
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6. Geographic Collection (GC)
A Geographic Collection consists materials such
as books, serials, maps, atlases, aerial photos,
remote sense images, geospatial data, software
etc which dealing with the study of the impact of
people upon the earth. The Geographic
Collection is designed to support instruction,
recreational needs, and research in the
organization that library serves.
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7. Our research so far indicates that…
Academic Libraries worldwide:
• Collect geographical data in a variety of type, format and
subject
• Sustain Geographic Collections
• Develop GIS services for dealing with their users needs
(Vardakosta and Kapidakis, 2011, 2012a,2012b, 2012c)
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8. The main role of a GIS Librarian…
• Acquire data
• Extract geographic information
• Extract semantic and ontological information
• Present in a form that allows easy exploration by
users
(Turton, e.a., 2007)
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9. How librarians manage GI
1) By contributing in the development of interactive
geo-services in their libraries, and
2) By using the proper descriptive standards
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10. 1. Interactive Geo-Services in Libraries
Information services for the public usually for a
specific subject e.g. health, environment,
archaeology etc.
Some of them allow user to enter postcode, place
name or address details to retrieve information
and a map displays specific to their locations
(Mathys and Kamel Boulos, 2011)
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11. 1. a. A vision of Britain through time
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/
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12. 1. b. Harvard Geospatial Library
http://calvert.hul.harvard.edu:8080/opengeoportal/
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13. 2. Geographical Metadata
Metadata are data that describe the content, data
definition and structural representation, extent (both
geographic and temporal), spatial reference, quality,
availability, status and administration of a geographic
dataset.
(IFLA)
Geographical Metadata’s role:
•the management of nested collections of resources,
•the interoperability between metadata schemas, and
•the integration of information retrieval techniques to
the discovery services of geographic data catalogs
(contributing in this way to avoid metadata content
heterogeneity)
(Nogueras-Iso, e.a., 2005)
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14. Digital Communication Standards
• GML (Geography Markup Language). Is an open
industry standard that uses XML encoding for the
transport and storage of GI including both the
geometry and properties of geographic features,
such as feature, geometry, coordinate reference
system time, dynamic feature, coverage (including
geographic images) unit of measure, and map
presentation style (Hanson & Heron, 2008,p.133)
• Z39.50 is an open, well-established communications
protocol for information sharing on wide area
networks
(ESRI, 2002)
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15. Metadata Content Standards (1)
1) (FGDC-CSDGM) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial
Metadata, officially known as FGDC-STD-001-1998 (USA)
• with over 334 different elements, 119 of which exist only to contain other
elements
2) ISO 9115 (2003)
• has more than 350 elements
3) Australia New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC)
Project
4) Dublin Core (DC)
Since 2003 has been adopted as ISO standard (ISO 15836)
5) INSPIRE Directive (2009)
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16. Gazetteers (1)
Digital gazetteers are directories containing triples of Place
names (N), geographic footprints (F), and feature types (T)
for named geographic places (Hill, 2000)
• Some gazetteers provide information about places and features
• Some lists of geographic names are available as hierarchical term sets
(thesauri) designed for information retreival
Examples:
GeoRef Thesaurus (American Geological Institute)
Thesaurus of Geographic Names (Getty Museum)
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Geographic Names Processing System (GNPS)
Alexandria Digital Library Gazetteer
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17. Gazetteers (2)
Gazetteers so far are unable to:
respond to complex queries spanning across different gazetteers and typing
schemas, and
they lack the functionality to handle evolving data of differing quality, e.g.,
user generated content
(Keßler e.a., 2009)
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18. AACR2r – RDA - FRBR
• AACR2r : facilitates data sharing among disparate systems and
frees the cataloger from having to reinvent the rules for each
dataset
• RDA : has the ability to better describe and embed FGDC data
elements and description into the bibliographic and authority
records (Hanson & Heron, 2008, p.91)
• FRBR : a conceptual model for creating bibliographic records
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19. Linked Data
• Proposed 2006 by Berners-Lee: “data (its web representation) can
contains links to data located elsewhere on the Web”.
• "Linked Data" refers to data published in accordance with principles
designed to facilitate linkages among datasets, element sets, and value
vocabularies. Linked Data uses Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) as
globally unique identifiers for any kind of resource. In Linked Data, URIs
may be Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) – Web addresses that
use the extended set of natural-language scripts supported by Unicode.
Linked Data is expressed using standards such as Resource Description
Framework (RDF) which specifies relationships between things --
relationships that can be used for navigating between, or integrating,
information from multiple sources.
• Linked Data is sharable, extensible, and easily re-usable.
(Stanford Linked Data Workshop, 2011)
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20. Conclusions
The Digital Environment’s Challenges
• Technological advances and software engineering
• Reuse of bibliographic records by multiple agents in the
www
• Information retrieval from different heterogeneity sources
• Proliferation of volunteered geographic information
• Semantics-based retrieval and navigation
• The time and cost factors for anonymising, tranforming and
delivering data remains as a major obstacle for most data
providers.
• Changes in data policies and revisions to standards also
impose additional concerns on data developers
• Issues regarding privacy and security
(Keßler,e.a., 2009; Mathys and Kamel Boulos, 2011)
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21. The main target
the efficient use of geospatial information
So, librarians should follow:
• Good data management, and
• Sharing practices
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22. Thank you!
ifigenia@ionio.gr
Laboratory on Digital Libraries
and Electronic Publishing
Department of Archive and
Library Sciences
Ionian University

23. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)
• Crampton, J. (2001). Maps as social constructions: Power, communication and
visualization. Progress in Human Geography 25(2), 235-252
• Erwin, T. and Sweetkind-Singer, J. (2010).The National Geospatial Archive: a
collaborative project to archive geospatial data. Journal of Map And Geography
Libraries 6(1), pp. 6-25.
• Hill, e.a. (1999). Geographic Names :The Implementation of a Gazetteer in a
Georeferenced Digital Library, D-Lib Magazine 5(1)
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/hill/01hill.html
• Hill, L. (2000) Core elements of digital gazetteers: Placenames,categories, and
footprints. In J. Borbinha and T. Baker, ed. Research and Advanced Technology
for Digital Libraries (4th European Conference, ECDL 2000 Lisbon, Portugal,
September 18-20, p.280-290).
• Magda El-Sherbini (2001). Metadata and the future of cataloging. Library
Review 50 ( 1), pp.16 - 27
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24. BIBLIOGRAPHY (2)
• Keßler,M. e.a. (2009). An Agenda for the Next Generation Gazetteer: Geographic
Information Contribution and Retrieval. in ACM GIS 2009, pp. 91-100.
• Mathys, T. and Kamel Boulos, M. N. (2011). Geospatial resources for supporting data
standards, guidance and best practice in health informatics. BMC Research Notes, vol.
4, p. 19.
• Report of the Stanford Linked Data Workshop, 27 June – 1 July 2011
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub152/reports/pub152/Stanford%20Linked%
20Data%20Workshop%20Report%20FINAL%20111024.htm
• Turton,e.a.(2007) Geographic Information Retrieval from Disparate Data Sources
http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/vaccine/assets/pdfs/publications/pdf/
Geographic%20Information%20Retrieval.pdf
• Vardakosta, I.and Kapidakis, S. (2011).Geospatial collection development policies in
academic libraries: a worldwide research. In 17th European Colloquium on Quantitative
and Theoretical Geography (ECQTG2011), Athens (GR),September 2-5.
• Vardakosta, I. and Kapidakis, S. (2012a) GIS services in Academic Librariesin 7 th
Panhellenic Conference of HellasGIS, Athens, May 17-18
• Vardakosta, I.and Kapidakis, S. (2012b) Geospatial Data in Library Collections. In 5th
International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
(PETRA),Hersonissos, Crete (GR),June 6-8.
• Vardakosta, I.and Kapidakis, S. (2012c) Geospatial data collection development policies’
characteristics. In 41st Annual LIBER Conference,Tartu (EE),June 27-30.
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