Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 6 - gerhard baab

Experiences with
Apple Replant Disease
in Germany
Interpoma
November
2012

Gerhard Baab
Joana Henfrey
DLR Rheinpfalz;
Center of Competence
Meckenheimer Straße 40
53359 Rheinbach
Germany
Email: gerhard.baab@dlr.rlp.de
jhenfrey@uni-bonn.de
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 1

Center of Competence Klein-Altendorf
Bonn

km
20

DLR Rheinpfalz

© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Vorname Name Folie 2

Experiences with
in Germany
- Outline -

Symptoms

Causes

Control
Strategies

© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Gerhard Baab – Joana Henfrey Folie 3

Specific Apple Replant Disease

-Symptoms-

Especially in the first 5 planting years:
Suppressed root growth
Discolored/ damaged roots
Short roots
Less lateral or fine roots and root hairs

Suppressed tree growth
Irregular, stunted growth (Short internodes)
Small leaves
Poor yield and quality
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Folie 4

Braeburn on M9
after three growing periods

Replant soil Virgin soil

© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Gerhard Baab – Joana Henfrey
- - Vorname Name Folie 5

Trunk diameter in cm2 in
2010 (planting year 2006) of
‘Braeburn‘ trees
in replant and virgin soil
20
cm² replant
Nachbau virgin
jungfr. Boden
17,4
18,1
18
16
14,0
13,4
14
12,1
12 10,7
10 9,1 8,7
7,8 8,0
8 7,3
5,6
6 4,3 4,8
4
2
0
M 27 M 20 P 16 M8 B 491 M9 B9


Cumulated yield/ tree (2007-2010) of
‚Braeburn Schneider‘ in t/ ha in replant
and virgin soil on different rootstocks

80
t/ ha replant
Nachbau virgin
Jungf. Boden 69,2
70
58,7 60,0
60
50,2 52,0
50
42,9
40 37,2
33,7
28,6 29,2
30 24,5 25,4
20,9
18,1
20

10

0
M 27 M 20 P 16 M8 B 491 M9 B9

Influence of replant and virgin soil on
the content of calcium in the leaves
of Braeburn in % in DM in 2008
2,0
% i.d. DM
1,63
1,6
1,41

1,2
0,91
0,77
0,8

0,4

0,0
M9 M9 B9 B9
Replant soil Virgin soil Replant soil Virgin soil
Nachbau Jungfräulich Nachbau Jungfräulich

20
% Replant Virgin
15
15
bitter pit
10

5 3 3
2 1
1
0
M9 B9 M 27
40
% Replant Virgin

30 lenticel spots
25 25

20

11
10
5 5
4

0
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau M9 B9 M Folie 9
27

Symptoms of SARD

- Conclusion -

Even under optimum growing
conditions:

suppressed
Growth
Yield
Quality

especially in the first (5) years


Experiences with
in Germany
- Overview -
Symptoms

Causes


Causes of
Replant
Problems

Abiotic factors Biotic factors
Not Specific Apple Replant Disease Specific Apple Replant Disease
(= NSARD) (= SARD)
Poor soil structure and drainage Phytophthora, Pythium,
Nemtodes
Cylindrocarpon, Rhizoctonia
Soil life and content of humus
Penicillium spp.
Soil pH-value SARD
Actinomycetes
Water- ,drought- and cold stress
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Fungi Bacteria
Unbalanced nutrition
P. putida, P syringae


Microorganisms in the rhizosphere

Soil Rhizosphere
rhizosphere Root

bacteria Ro
ot
ex
ud
ate
s
nematodes

fungi
es
sidu
Wurzelhaar
Root re

VA-
others vesicle Mykorrhiza
hyphes arbuscle

Causes of SARD

Soil Carbohydrate- and Root
energy-reserves of the
rhizosphere l1

Selection of rhizosphere
microflora
Ro
Imbalance towards ot
ex
Saprophytic ud
a te
microorganisms s

z.B.:Phytophthora, Pythium,
Penicillium, Actinomycetes es
sidu
Wurzelhaar oot re
R
Change of life-form

Phytopathogenic
microorganisms

Folie 14

l1 ???
lua; 24.09.2012

Attack by fungi and bacteria
after a change of life-form

Roots
Phytophthora Direct attack
Pythium
Cylindrocarpon
Rhizoctonia
Actinomycetes
Pseudomonas

Penicillium spp.

Phytotoxines
z.B. Patulin
cause
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Gerhard Baab – Joana Henfrey Growth inhibition Folie 15

Causes of
Specific Apple Replant Disease

-Conclusion -
The causes are
diverse
not totally understood

Dead roots and their exudates probably lead to
an imbalance towards a pathenogenic
rhizosphere microflora
Leading to an accumulation of (saprophytic and
pathenogenic) bacteria and fungi which attack the
new roots
Damages are:

direct
or indirect through secundary metabolites

Experiences with
in Germany
- Overview -
Symptoms

Causes

Control
Strategies
•chemical
• physical
•practical
•biological


Shoot length per tree [cm] Chlorpikrin
‘Sapora‘ 2010 Treatment 2010

500
cm 392 398
400
313
300 245 249 258 b b
212 230
200 ab ab ab ab
a a
100
0
l
ol

l

in

in
e
ta
ta

..
at
..
tr

kr

kr
o.
Vi
Vi

z.
on

tr

pi

pi
z
zo
zo

hi

bs

hi

or

or
C

R

hi
hi

R
Su

hl

hl
.+

.+
R
R

²C

²C
ho

ho
e
+
a+

ut
d.

m

m
ic

ic
m

ho

ti t

g/

g/
Tr

Tr
er

bs

20

40
ic
d

+

+
Tr

Su
ho

p.

p.
or

or
S+
ic

hl

hl
Tr

A
²C

²C
m

m
g/

g/
20

40


Chemical strategies against
SARD

Products o us
eragainst nematodes
Methylisothiocyanat (Metam-Fluid) ng ent
Only
Dazomed da
(Basamid Microgranulat) m
nd viro
e a eNot licenced in
Chlorpicrin (Tipicrin TM)

iv n
Metylbromid
e ns
(Terabol)
the Germany
xp and
ul t, e e r
Summary
if fic us
D the
for
Efficient
Expensive (2.500 -3.000 €/ha)
Presently not licenced
Dangerous for enviroment and user
‚Biological desert‘ Poor soil structure (no earth worms)

Soil heat-steaming using heat resistant foil

Heat
resistant foil

Which microorganisms can be
‚killed‘
-Lethal temperatures-
according to Jarvis 1992

°C
°
100°C (15 min.) most viruses

90 °C (30 min.) most actinomycetes

70-80 °C (15 min.) most weed seeds

°
60-70°C (10 min.) most bacteria

°
60°C (30 min.) most phytopathogenic fungi +
worms + snails
°
50°C (10 min.) most nematodes incl.
pratylenchus penetrans

Soil heat-steaming using heat resistant foil
Reliable strategy against SARD
Non toxic
Presently high costs (6000 €/ ha, (3000 trees/ ha))
Other energy sources besides oil might be useable

Heat
resistant foil

What to do?
Some
practical
strategies


Rootstocks

M9 CG 3041


Cumulated yield (2007-2010) of
‚Braeburn Schneider‘ in t/ ha
on different rootstocks
in virgin soil
t/ ha 2007 2008 2009 2010
70

60
23

50 17 18
14 20
16 9 16
40 9
11 12 12
23 8
30 22 21 17
19 17
16 17 20 20
14 16 18
20
22 19 19 20
10 15 17 16 17 13 15
13 13 13
0 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
82

56

65
13
1

r2
9

27

20

16
F
9

8
49
E-
B
M

M
62

29

27
40
te
M

M

P
JT

B

or
R

R

X
G
pp
A

A

C
Su

Cumulated yield (2007-2010) of
‚Braeburn Schneider‘ in t/ ha
on different rootstocks
in replant soil
t/ ha 2007 2008 2009 2010
70
60
50
40
30 11 15 19
10 9
20 8 10 11
7 5 7 6 5
12 5 15 15
11 9 11 9 8 11
10 7 8 10 9
10
6 5 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 6 5
5 3 2 4 3
0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

16
9

9

8
27

20

1

65
F
2

pp 56

r2

13

41
49
8

E-
B
M

M

27
40

30
62

29

te
P
M

M

JT

B

or

X
R

R

G

G
A

A

C

C
Su

Quality parameters
of plant material of apple-tress

Amount of similarly developed
horizontal branches

Qualität AA: > 6 (at best 8)
Qualität A+: 5-6
Qualität A: 4-5
Qualität B: 0-3

Trunkdiameter Kniptrees (20 cm above occulation: 16-18 mm


Cumulated yield/ ha (2008-2010)
depending tree quality
- 2900 trees/ha -
95,0
100 90,2
t/ha
2010 39,6
36,3
80 2009 71,9
68,3
58,9 a 28,8
23,8 52,1 2008 b
60
22,5
aa 35,5 33,0 c
20,9
a
40 29,6 a 28,0
23,6 a
19,6 a
a b
20 b c 20,9
20,0
14,9 12,8 15,0
a b 11,6
b a a b
0
AA A B AA A B

Braeburn Maririred Pinova Roho

Fertilizer in
planting hole; Braeburn 1998
- Yield in 1999 -
MAP
Shoot length in m per tree in planting year 1998 Control
1,2 24
m Amount
1,0 20

0,8 16

0,6 12

0,4 8

0,2 4
Yield (t/ha) and fruit weight in 1999 (2. leave)
0,0 0 g
t/ha
Kontrolle Nitro-Blau Melasse Thomas- 12APP MAP 180
spez. phosphat
10 160

8 140

6 120

4 100

2 80

0 60
Kontrolle Nitro-Blau Melasse Thomas- APP MAP
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau spez. phosphat Folie 29

Cultivation methods and
practical strategies
- Summary-
Soil preparation
Soil loosening
No magic reaction
Fertilization(Cyanamid-Nitrogen!)
Calcium- slight low pH- range
Plant material
Volume (AA-quality)
Virus-free
Rootstocks: vigorous M9-clones; G 41; G 11
Good rooting system
Plantation
More trees per hectare
Planting in autumm
Exchange of soil/ Additions to the planting hole
Irrigation

Biological control
of
SARD
Agrobacterium radiobacter Trichoderma
Bacillus subtilis Streptomyces spp.
Pseudomonas fluorescens VA- Mycorrhiza

Anthagonize and inhibit pathogens
Direct destruction or damage of pathogens with
antibiotic agents, enzymes, hormones
Stören und Kontrollieren
Promote plant resistance

Soil born pathogens Saprophytic phytotoxic MOs
Actinomycetes, Phytophthora .usw. Penicillium spp; Alternaria usw.
Stimulation
of root growth and plant growth

Bacillus spp.
(B.amyloliquefaciens; B. subtilis)
‚The biological fungicide‘

Origin
Universal saprophytic soil borne bacteria

Function
Produce antibiotic agents which work against pathogenic
fungi and bacteria

Effective against
Phytophthora ; Pythium; Cylindrocarpon; Penicillium;
Rhizoctonia; Botrytis; Fusarium; Verticillium; Erwinia; usw.


Trees dipped in and watered with
RhizoVital 42-Solution
(= Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)


Trichoderma harzianum
-The ‚Star‘ among the benefical
microorganisms-

Origin:
Universal saprophytic soil borne fungi (ascomycetes)

Function
Cracks the hyphae of pathogenic fungi by producing specific
enzymes (Hemicellulase, Pectinase)

Effective against:
Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Botrytis,
Verticillium

Trees watered with
Trichoderma T50
(= Trichoderma harazium)


Plantation of ‚Junami‘
in 2009


Additives to the soil during
planting

+ +


Shoot length per tree [cm]
‘Junami‘
August 2009

250
cm/ tree
216 221
203 203 206
194 198
200 186

150
b b b b b b b b

100

-N
l

ig
d
rm
S

50
r
tro

o

ol

ss
id
m

at
ifa

T
lG
n
nu

m

flü
iv
Co

a
ad

na
ni
t

m
ag

ac

42
R

a

er
ya
M

il-

ng

od
l
C

ta
So
te

Fo

ch
Vi
hi

a
rip

io
zo
n
an

Tr
Ri
ut

M

lin
N

ta
Vi

New strategy:
Treatment with a combination of
soil stimulation agents
Stimulation Benefical
of biolocical microorganisms
Organic activity
FZB Rhizo Vital R 42 fl.
with soil activators
Substrate Vitalin Trichoderma


Replant trial with ‘Royal Braeburn‘
planted in march 2010
-Varianten-
1 Control
2 Substitute substrate (SS) 18l per tree
3 SS + Cynanamid- N
4 SS + Soil activator (SA)
5 SS + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
6 SS + Trichoderma
7 SS + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + Trichoderma
8 SS + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + Trichoderma + Soil activator
9 SS + Bacillus amy. + Trichoderma + Cyanamid- N
10 SS + Bacillus amy. + Trichoderma + Cyan.- N + Soil activator

Shoot length per tree [cm]
‘Royal Braeburn‘
August 2010

cm 277,1
300 254,6 261,5
207,4 221,8
200 166,0
196,4 d d
137,2 140,0
cd
100 78,5 bcd bcd bcd
a ab ab abc
0
-N

A
SS
il)

-N
s

a
+S

en

rm

..
so

id

y.
..

.
rm

-..
d.
ci
m

SS

+C
de
k

y.
de
ho
fa
na
ic

ho

+C
h.
ue
(s

ho
ric
ya

ric
ric

h.
iq
ol

ic
+C

+T

ric
+T
+T
ol
tr

Tr
y.
SS

yl
on

y.

+T
SS

am

+
am

m
y.
C

y.
.a
m

m
us
us

ac
.a

.a
ill
ill

+B
ac

ac
ac
ac

+B

+B
SS
+B
+B

SS

SS
SS
SS


Cumulated yield per tree and
average fruit weight
‘Royal Braeburn‘; 2011+2012
15 205 200 199 199 202 203 199
210
194 194 191
kg/ tree Two weeks before plantation:
140
Cyanamid- Nitrogen
10
12,8 12,4 12,9
10,9 11,2 10,9 11,1 11,2 70
10,4 10,6
Addition to the planting hole:
5 0
Substitute substrate
A

g/
-N
SS

a

-N
a

SA

A
s
il)

+
rm

rm
en
+S

+S
so

id

y.
a+
ci

de

de

+C
SS
am

-N
fruit
k

Rhizo vital fl (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)
fa

rm
ho
ic

ho

y.
h.
an

ue
(s

+C
ric
de
ric

ric
Cy

iq
l

+

h.
tro

ho

+T
+T

+T
ol
+

ric
SS

yl

y.
ic
n

SS

y.
Co

+T
Tr
am

m
Vitalin Trichoderma
am

.a

y.
+
us

y.
us

ac

m
+
m
ll

.a
ill

+B
ci

.a
ac

ac
Ba

SS
ac

Soil activator
+B

+B
+

+B
SS

SS

SS
SS


SARD control management
- summary-
Change of position or soil
best method but not always possible
Chemical treatments
not licenced
Thermal sterlilization
very reliable but high costs => still in trial
Biological soil desinfection successful in
nematode management
Biofumigation
Flooding- methode

Antagonists Further research and field trials are required!

successfull in combination with organic substrates and soil activators

Thank You for your attention!
Gerhard Baab + Joana Henfrey
DLR Rheinpfalz


Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 6 - gerhard baab

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Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 6 - gerhard baab