The document discusses the history and evolution of the toothbrush from ancient times to modern day. It notes that the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in the 7th century using a twig from the Meswak tree. Toothbrushes have evolved significantly over time, from chewing sticks used by ancient Egyptians and Chinese to the introduction of the first mass-produced toothbrush in Europe in the 18th century made of cattle bone and pig fibers. Modern electric and rotary toothbrushes were introduced in the 1960s and 1980s. The document traces the key developments that have led to the variety of toothbrush designs available today.

2.  The Prophet Mohammed popularized
the use of the first toothbrush in around
600.
 Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he
cleaned his teeth and freshened his
breath. Substances similar to Meswak
are used in modern toothpaste.
HISTORY
 3500 BC – Egyptians and
Babylonians use chewing sticks made
from branches of the Salvadora
Persica tree. They also used boar
bristles attached to a bamboo stick to
clean teeth.
 1600 BC – In China people start using
chew sticks made of plant limbs and
roots. One end of the stick was beaten
into soft fibers to help scrub and brush
teeth. In fact, these types of chewing
sticks are still used by some people
today.

3.  1498 – Europeans start traveling to
China to obtain toothbrushes made
of bamboo and hog bristles. This
invention quickly caught on in
Europe.
 1780 – William Addis of
Clerkenwald, England introduces the
first mass-produced toothbrush in
Europe made from cattle bone and
swine fibers.
 1857 – H.N. Wadsworth becomes
the first American to patent a
toothbrush
 1885 – Toothbrushes are mass-
produced in the US by the Florence
Manufacturing Company of
Massachusetts.
 1938 – Nylon bristles replace bristles
made of pig innards
 1960 – The first electric toothbrush
is introduced to the US by the
Squibb Company. The model was
marketed under the name
Broxodent.
 1987 – The first at-home rotary style
toothbrush is introduced to the US by
Interplak.
 Today it seems like people shuffle
through hundreds of toothbrushes
that line the market shelves, hoping
that the latest and greatest model will
deliver healthy smiles. With the
evolution of toothbrushes, cleaning
teeth and taking care of gums is
simpler than ever – but this wasn’t
always the case. Take a look below to
learn which techniques and practices
helped inventors mold the toothbrush
into what it is today.

5.  A crank is an arm attached at right
angles to a rotating shaft by which
reciprocating motion is imparted to or
received from the shaft. It is used to
convert circular motion into reciprocating
motion, or vice-versa.
 Many of the basics of modern
automatics were first put to use in the
Muslim world, including the revolutionary
crank-connecting rod system.
 By converting rotary motion to linear
motion, the crank enables the lifting of
heavy objects with relative ease.
 This technology, discovered by Al-
Jazari (father of robotics) in the 12th
century, exploded across the globe,
leading to everything from the bicycle
to the internal combustion engine

6. Examples
Familiar examples include:
Hand-powered cranks
1. Mechanical pencil sharpener
2. Fishing reel and other reels for cables,
wires, ropes, etc.
3. Manually operated car window
4. The crank set that drives a trikke
through its handles.
5. The carpenter's brace is a compound
crank.
Foot-powered cranks
1. The crankset that drives a bicycle via
the pedals.
2. Treadle sewing machine
3. Engines

8.  A hospital is a health care institution
providing patient treatment with
specialized staff and equipment.
 "Hospitals as we know them today, with
wards and teaching centers, come
from 9th century Egypt," explained
Hassani.
 The first such medical center was the
Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded
in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided
free care for anyone who needed it -- a
policy based on the Muslim tradition of
caring for all who are sick. From Cairo,
such hospitals spread around the
Muslim world.
 The Romans constructed buildings
called valetudinaria for the care of sick
slaves, gladiators, and soldiers around
100B.C.,and many were identified by
later archeology.
 In the mid 19th century, hospitals and the
medical profession became more
professionalized, with are organization of
hospital management along more
bureaucratic and administrative lines.
 Church-sponsored hospitals and nurses.
 They began opening charitable
institutions such as orphanages and old
people’s homes.
 In the eighteenth century, under the
influence of the Age of Enlightenment,
them odern hospital began to appear,
serving only medical needs and staffed
with trained physi- cians and surgeons.

10.  The history of chess spans over 1500
years.
 The earliest predecessor of the game
probably originated in India, before the
6th century AD.
 From India, the game spread to Persia.
 From there it spread westward to
Europe.
 When the Arabs conquered Persia,
chess was taken up by the Muslim world
and subsequently spread to Southern
Europe.
 In the second half of the 19th century,
modern chess tournament play began,
and the first World Chess
Championship was held in 1886.
 An Italian player, Gioacchino Greco,
regarded as one of the first true
professionals of the game.
 The first modern chess tournament was
held in London in 1851 and won,
surprisingly, by German Adolf Anderssen,
relatively unknown at the timey and tactics.

11. Sanskrit Bengali Persian Arabic Turkish Latin English
Raja (King) Raja (King) Shah Malik Şah Rex King
Mantri (Minister)
Mantri
(Minister)
Vazīr
(Vizir)
Wazīr/Firz Vezir Regina Queen
Gajah (war
elephant)
Hati Pil Al-Fīl Fil
Episcopus
/Comes/C
alvus
Bishop/C
ount/Cou
ncillor
Ashva (horse)
Ghora
(horse)
Asp Fars/Hisan At
Miles/Equ
es
Knight
Ratha (chariot) Nowka Rokh Qal`a/Rukhkh Kale
Rochus/M
archio
Rook/Mar
grave/Cas
tle
Names of pieces

12. Pieces of Chess

14.  Shampoo is a hair care product that is
used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin
particles, dandruff, environmental
pollutants and other contaminant particles
that gradually build up in hair. Shampoo
lather in hair.
 The goal of using shampoo is to remove
the unwanted build-up without stripping out
so much sebum as to make hair
unmanageable.
 The word shampoo in English is derived
from Hindi chāmpo (च ाँपो).
 The Hindi word referred to head massage,
usually with some form of hair oil.
 Bottles of shampoo and lotions
manufactured in the early 20th century by
the C.L. Hamilton Co. of Washington, D.C.
 London in the early 19th century, and later,
together with his Irish wife, opened
“Mahomed’s Steam and Vapour Sea
Water Medicated Baths” in Brighton,
England. His baths were like Turkish baths
where clients received an Indian treatment
of champi (shampooing), meaning
therapeutic massage. He was appointed
‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George
IV and William IV.
 In the 1860s, the meaning of the word
shifted from the sense of massage to that
of applying soap to the hair. Earlier,
ordinary soap had been used for washing
hair. However, the dull film soap left on the
hair made it uncomfortable, irritating, and
unhealthy looking.

15.  During the early stages of shampoo,
English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in
water and added herbs to give the hair
shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was
the first known maker of shampoo, and
the origin is currently attributed to him.
 Commercially made shampoo was
available from the turn of the 20th
century.
 A 1914 ad for Canthrox Shampoo in
American Magazine showed young
women at camp washing their hair with
Canthrox in a lake; magazine ads in 1914
by Rexall featured Harmony Hair
Beautifier and Shampoo.
 Originally, soap and shampoo were very
similar products; both containing the same
naturally derived surfactants, a type of
detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known
today was first introduced in the 1930s with
Drene, the first shampoo with synthetic
surfactants.

17.  The process of removing impurities or
unwanted elements from a substance.
 The means of separating liquids through
difference in their boiling points.
 Invented around the year 800.
 By Islam’s foremost scientist, Jabir Ibn
Hayyan.
 Who transformed alchemy into chemistry.
 Inventing many of the basis processes
and apparatus still in use today
liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation,
purifiction, oxidisation, evaporation and
filtration.
 As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric
acid.
 He invented the alembic still, giving the
world intense rosewater and other
perfumes and alcoholic spirits.
 Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic
experimentation and was the founder of
modern chemistry.

19.  The pointed arch (a vault in which stone
ribs carry the vaulted surface), a
characteristic of Europe’s Gothic
cathedrals was an invention borrowed from
Islamic architecture.
 It was much stronger than the rounded
arch used by the Romans and Normans,
thus allowing the building of bigger, higher,
more complex and grander buildings.
 Other borrowing from Muslim geniuses
included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and
dome-building techniques.
 Europe’s castles were also adapted to
copy the Islamic World’s with arrow
slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets.
 Square towers and keeps gave way to
more easily defended round ones.
 Henrey V’s castle architect was a Muslim.

20. 
Round arch or Semi-circular arch

Unequal round arch or Rampant round arch

Lancet arch

Trefoil arch, or Three-foiled cusped arch

Horseshoe arch

Shouldered flat arch -see also jack arch

Three-centered arch

Elliptical arch

Inflexed arch

Ogee arch

Parabolic arch
TYPES OF Arches