1. Displaying Individuality or Creating Authority? Commentary on the Animal Burials at HK6
Isobel Reid, UCL
Birmingham Egyptology Symposium 2015 Friday 20th
February
ABSTRACT:
Locality 6 at Hierakonpolis contains the remains of a number of individuals with impressive grave
goods and superstructures, earning it the designation ‘Elite Cemetery’. However, it also contains a
number of animal burials ranging from individual exotic animals, such as elephants, exceptional
domestic animals and large numbers of domestic animals in single graves. At a time of nation
building in Egypt, the animal burials are often seen as the elite’s way of showing their wealth.
However, a design from contemporary artefacts shows rows of different species of animals
connected with items of power. Three different methods were applied to the animal burials to show
that they do not correlate with the typical model for an ‘Elite Cemetery’ where the animals are
economic units; they instead correspond to the Predynastic design of animal rows. The result of
these findings is that the HK6 cemetery is likely the creation of imagery associated with power,
rather than a display of the individuals wealth and personal preference for burial.
Displaying Individuality or Creating Authority? Commentary
on the Animal Burials at HK6
Searching for the Origins of Ancient Egypt
The site of Hierakonpolis, or Nekhen, is located on the West bank of the Nile in
Upper Egypt (Figure 1). It has captured the interest of archaeologists since the nineteenth
century with the discovery of the great “Painted Tomb”, Tomb 100 (Hoffman 1982; Savage
2001, 111) and extraordinary artefacts showing images of early unification, such as the
Narmer Palette (Bier and Hobbs 2008, 208) and the Scorpion Macehead (Millet 1991)
(Figure 2). The site is also the most extensive settlement from the Pre-dynastic era (Adams
1995, 3) and has been linked to the beginnings of Egypt around 4000-2700 BC (Hoffman
1989, 129). Kemp has identified two “archaeological signposts” for state building (Kemp
1989, 35); the drawing together of smaller communities into a larger settlement and
evidence of rewards for competition within society. The site shows the side effects of a
central economic power and the individual need to legitimise power by the display of
wealth (Hassan 1988, 165-172) gained by the successful administration of other areas
(Hassan 1988, 162). This indicates that the site shows the markers of state building at the
same time as the beginnings of unified Egypt.

2. Figure 1 Map of the Northern Nile Valley showing Ancient Egyptian sites, Hierakonpolis is indicated in yellow
Kemp 1989, 9, Fig 1
Figure 2 The Scorpion Macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, showing the king in the white crown of Lower
Egypt, circa 3100-3000 BC Ashmoleon AN1896.1908.E.3632
Web 1
Due to its large size, the site has been divided into over seventy localities (Savage
2001, 111) including HK6 (Figure 3), the ‘Elite Cemetery’. HK6 contains over two hundred
Naqada I-II burials (Adams 2000) with rich grave goods and evidence of large
superstructures in the form of post holes (Figure 4). The work on the site and the locality fits

3. into the anthropological research tradition established by Hoffman (Hoffman et al. 1982, 1-
2) forming part of the search for the origins of kingship in the Ancient Egyptian state
(Hoffman 1991, 129; Quibell and Green 1902). The site is not unique in showing the
characteristics of state building (Wilkinson 1996), however, the animal burials are unique
and occur at a time when there is an increase in wealth in graves (Wilkinson 1996, 75-85),
most likely a reflection of the economics of the region. This hypothesis is supported by the
increase in the importance of the region nearing 3200-3100 BC (Bard 1994, 271; Hoffman et
al. 1985, 175-187). Due to the surrounding circumstances, the animal graves have become
an element in the argument for state building, rather than being explored as an expression
of identity.
Figure 3 Map of expedition localities in Hierakonpolis
Adams 1995, 28, Figure 5 after Harlan 1992

4. Figure 4 Plan of the “Pillared Hall Precinct” (Tomb 23 complex) and the Tomb 16 complex as of March 2009
Hierakonpolis Expedition, Friedman 2010, 80, Fig. 3
Friedman (2010, 72) identified three types of animal burials at HK6; Type 1, largely
domestic animals buried with humans; Type 2, burials of large, exotic and wild animals with
grave goods; and Type 3, multiple animal burials without grave goods. Assessing potential
motives behind these different types of deposits shows no hypothesis fully fits these results
(Reid 2014, unpublished). Looking at the animal burials together, shows that the defining
aspect of this group is the range of species that are present. A great deal of care has been
taken to import and capture certain species, some, such as the hartebeest, indicate they
were raised in captivity on site. Elephants were possibly imported into Egypt from Nubia
(Friedman 2004, 156; Glanville 1926, 54; Redford and Redford 1989, 14), as evidence
indicates they were hunted to extinction in Egypt in early Naqada II times (Adams 1998, 50)
when they are no longer depicted in rock art (Friedman 2004, 156). The elephant at HK6 was
likely kept by the Nile Valley for a period of time as indicated by the microscopic plant

5. remains such as ceruana pratensis (Friedman 2004, 249). Though the animal burials are
unique, a Pre-dynastic decoration occurs later in the Naqada period which shows a visual
representation of a large range of animal species.
Introducing Animal Rows
Animal Rows are a Pre-dynastic frieze decoration dating to the Naqada IId-IIIb
period, they are used to decorate items associated with power and ceremony (Raffaele
2010, 246) (Figure 5) examples include maces and knives. These items included mace
handles and mace heads which often show images denoting power, such as the Scorpion
Macehead which depicts the king in the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt (Millet 1991;
Quibell and Green 1902). Knives with this animal decoration became a part of the funerary
equipment of the dead, the evidence from Abydos Cemetery U indicates that the owners
were elite members (Dreyer 1999; Hartung 1998, 91).

6. Figure 5 Examples of handles showing animal friezes or animal rows. (1) Abu Zaidan knife handle, Needler
1984. (2) Pitt Rivers knife handle, Petrie 1896, 77. (3) Carnarvon knife handle, Benedite 1918. (4) Davis comb,
Benedite 1918. (5) Berlin Museum knife handle, Asselberghs 1961, 51-52. (6) seyala mace handle, Smith 1993.
(7) Gebel Tarif knife, Boehmer 1974b. (8) Abydos K1262 fragment, Dreyer 1999, fig 7. (9) Abydos K1104
fragment Tomb U-127, Dreyer 1999, fig 11d. (10) Abydos K1104 fragment, Dreyer 1999, fig 11c.
Raffaele 2010, 283, Fig. 1
The basis for comparison is the association of a variety of species with power. At
HK6, the range of animals were buried in a place of investment with large and imposing
superstructures. If similar species are present in both this place of power, and later items
associated with power, it could indicate the beginnings of a tradition. This will be most
apparent if the species imported and raised on site at Hierakonpolis are depicted in the

7. animal rows, as they would not have been present in the environment at the time so the
designs are not depicting reality but an ideal representative of our findings at HK6.
Results from this comparison could add to the debate over whether the animal
burials were the result of a localised phenomenon arising from competition within the
emerging elite, or if this became a tradition due to its association with power. The animals
pictured include those from stone images surrounding HK6 from recent history, such as
elephants, and animals that span the length of unified Egypt and all its variety of
environments. The burials could be a way to create a physical representation of authority
over the nation in all its forms.
Comparing the Animal Row Decoration with the HK6 Animal Burials
The aim of this comparison is to identify similarities between the species depicted in
the animal row designs and those present at HK6. Similarities, especially in the species
which needed to be imported in the earlier period at HK6, will show the importance in the
depiction of this range of species in particular. The association with power in both instances
can be connected to a time when authority was being generated and expressed. While it will
not indicate motives, knowing the range of species continues will prove that the choice of
species at HK6 was not accidental.
There have been fourteen species clearly identified from HK6 (Figure 6), though
ongoing work may reveal more; for example if both Hamadryas and Anubis baboons are
present. The majority of species are domestic, i.e. cattle, dogs and ovids, the ratio of wild:
domestic is 46:116, making 40% of the animals wild. During this period of Egyptian history, it
is rare for any wild animals to be included in cemeteries at all (Van Neer et al. 2004, 105)
with the majority of domestic animals present as food offerings. While elephants were likely
imported, other wild animals include cats, leopards, baboons, crocodiles and hippos.
These species span the length of unified Egypt, from the Delta to Upper Egypt, and
cover domestic species as well as wild animals taken from the Nile Valley, river and desert.
The swamp cat would have been present in the Delta (Davison 2005, 971; Hoath 2009, 98-
99), whereas baboons would have been common in the Nile Valley (Kummer 1997, 3),

8. particularly of Upper Egypt. Leopards habited desert regions (Hoath 2009, 106; Roy 2011,
265), while crocodiles (Appiah and Gates 2005, 265) and hippos were common along the
Nile river. In addition to the geographical span, the raising and importation of animals
indicate species are included that are pictured in recent history but are no longer naturally
present in the environment.
Figure 6 Graph 1 based on the total number of each species buried in HK6 according to Appendix 1 based on
excavations up until 2012
After Appendix 1, Reid 2014
Studying a range of animal row decoration (Figure 5) shows there is a good range of
species. For example, the seyala mace handle (6) shows three horned creatures, a giraffe, a
cat, a bird, and three different four legged creatures. Out of the ten creatures depicted, they
are all shown as different species. The knife handle (2) shows an animal with curved horns –
a characteristic that distinguishes a hartebeest from a gazelle – this shows that the
hartebeest image is recurring. The same is true of elephants, the animal in the top row of
the Davis comb (4) shows a prominent trunk consistent with an elephant.
The range of species and the variety of species in the later Naqada period decoration
shows a similarity to the range and variety found in HK6. Evidence also shows a continuation
in the importance of species, such as the hartebeest and elephant, which were not present
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cattle
Donkey
Sheep/goat
Dog
Elephant
Auroch
Hartebeest
WildDonkey
Hippo
Baboon
WildCat
SwampCat
Crocodile
Leopard
TotalCount
Species
Graph 1: Total of Each Species According to
2012 Appendix 1
Total According to 2012 Appendix
1

9. in the natural environment of Egypt at this time. A feature from Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis,
the “Master of Animals” (Raffaele 2010, 158; Quibell 1901, pl. 16.2), shows the idea of
humans as controlling nature (Hendrickx 2006, 736; Kemp et al. 2000, 234). The HK6 burials
could be the combination of these two ideas: the mastery of animals covering the
geographical span of Egypt, including important animals from recent history, to represent
the power to master all areas of Egypt.
Displaying Individuality or Creating Authority?
The site of Hierakonpolis has been occupied since Lower Palaeolithic times, circa
250,000 BC (Adams 1995, 8), and has burials up until the New Kingdom (Baer 1978).
Throughout this, the city has been seen as the mythical capital of Horus (Assman 2001, 134-
141) in his fight with Seth (Meltzer 2003, 164-168). Even in the Ptolemaic era (Adams 1995,
3), the site has been associated with the first kings of unified Egypt. If any location had the
power to inspire the decoration and traditions of later periods, it is likely to be
Hierakonpolis. The animal rows are a later decoration which can be linked to the physical
remains of Hierakonpolis.
The variety of species from HK6 covers the length of Ancient Egypt and includes
species from a variety of different types of environment. Combining these features with the
elements of power at HK6, such as grave goods and large superstructures, shows a
connection between power and animals has been established. In the later Naqada III period,
the animal decoration is shown on items associated with power. The comparison between
the range of species in HK6 and those depicted on the animal row decoration shows that
there is a similarity in a large range of species and there is a similarity in the species chosen,
even those that were no longer present in Egypt at the time.
The HK6 cemetery does not have any association between a particular human burial
and the animal burials (Reid 2014, unpublished), this indicates that the animals were not a
display of wealth for the individual, the presentation of wealth on an individual level is
occurring at this time in the complexes of the early kings of Abydos and in the Painted Tomb
cemetery at Hierakonpolis. The variety of species, as it continues in the decoration of the
animal rows, is also important. It is likely, considering the inclusion of species not present in

10. the natural environment, that the later decoration is continuing the HK6 tradition which
possibly represents the whole of Egypt through different animal species. The connection of
animals with power can be traced throughout Egyptian history, however, further research is
necessary to show how the traditional dynastic elements emerged from this early
association.

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