Courtesy of Dr. Ferdinand B. Pitagan Assistant Professor University of the Philippines Diliman

1. University of the Philippines
College of Education
Educational Technology Department
EDTECH101
Learning Theories that Influence
Utilization of Instructional
Media Resources
Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhD
Professor of Education

2. Humanism vs. Technology
High
D C
Humanism
A B
Low High
Technology

3. Educational Technology: Foundations
Communications
Systems approach
Psychology

4. Media
as
a channel of communication
Feedback
Teacher Learner
Schramm’s model – Field of Experience/ Feedback

5. Dale’s Cone of Experience
Source: from Dale, E., Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1st Edition, © 1969. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

6. Systems Approach

7. 1 4
3
2
8
5
6 7
9
10

8. Psychology
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Constructivism

9. Behaviorism
1. Early behaviorism -- Pavlov (1849 - 1936)
Focus on reflexive behavior
Food Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Salivation
(natural, not learned)
Bell Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response (to
Salivation
bell)

10. Behaviorism
2. B.F. Skinner
Focus on voluntary behavior and reinforcement
“Learning is a function of change in overt behavior.”

11. B. F. Skinner
1904 – 1990
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b-NaoWUowQ
English Major
Psychology
Book, Wallden II Skinner box

12. Behaviorism
“--- A person comes under the control of a stimulating
environment, responds to subtle properties of that
environment, and responds to it in many complex
ways because of the consequences contingent upon
earlier responses.---- ”
(Operant Conditioning)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
6) Initial behavior –
7) Consequences (reinforcement/punishment) –
8) Next behavior

13. Behaviorism
How to shape behavior and maintain it in
strength?
How to design instruction?
Use Contingencies of Reinforcement
A certain behavior consequences of that behavior

14. Behaviorism
1. Positive reinforcement
3. Instant reinforcement
5. Frequent reinforcement
7. Multiple scheduled reinforcement

15. Behaviorism
Use of Media:
Teaching machine
Programmed instruction
Structured
Focus on objectives

16. Cognitivism
Focus on Active Mental Process
1) Information Processing Model
2) Mental Development Model

17. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Short-term memory
-- Working memory
Long-term memory

18. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Attention
Short-term memory
-- Working memory
Remembering
Not Forgetting
Long-term memory

19. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Attention gaining strategies:
Attention Sensory register
e.g. visuals, paradox
Short-term memory
Remembering -- Working memory Active processing strategies:
e.g. chucking/organizing content
Retrieval strategies:
Not forgetting e.g. relate new info. to old info.
Long-term memory

20. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjPkPIwsog
Swiss philosopher and psychologist
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980)
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html

21. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Observe/listen to children
Piaget: What makes the wind?
Julia: The trees.
P: How do you know?
J: I saw them waving their arms.
P: How does that make the wind?
J (waving her hand in front of his face):
Like this. Only they are bigger. And there are lots of trees.
P: What makes the wind on the ocean?
J: It blows there from the land. No. It's the waves...
## Four stages of childhood development
(sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

22. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Assimilation: Accommodatio
n: modifying
New info. into existing
existing structure/creat
structure ing new one

23. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation??
Accommodation??

24. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Assimilation: Accommodatio
n: modifying
New info. into existing
existing structure/creat
structure ing new one
Useful instructional strategies
Advanced Organizers
Transfer
Mnemonics
Organization and more…..

25. Constructivism
Different from Objectivism such as Behaviorism/Cognitivism
Objective entities/realities
The correct structure

26. Constructivism
Constructivistic philosophy
A real world we experience
Multiple perspectives

27. Constructivism
“Situating” our cognitive experiences
in authentic activities
Real world problems emphasized

28. Constructivism
• Learning: ????
• Teaching: ????

29. Constructivism
• Learning: based on experience/ construction of meaning/
social interaction
• Instructional strategies??
- social collaboration
- multiple perspectives
- negotiation of meanings
- situated in real cases

30. Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
http://www.kolar.org/vygotsky/

31. Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
1. Between people, then inside self
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
- social interactions

32. Remember!!
(A. Bednar, et al. )
“Instructional design and development must be
based upon some theory of learning and/or
cognition; effective design is possible only if the
developer has developed reflexive awareness of
the theoretical basis underlying the design.”

33. Remember !!
“ Theories of Learning and prescriptions for
practice must go hand in hand.” – (T. Duffy and D. Jonassen)
Instructional Design (Prescriptions for practice)
Constructivism
Behaviorism Cognitivism

34. Activity
1. Case 1:
Japan
New teachers
How to serve physically challenged students
1. Case 2:
USA
A mix of slower and faster learners; thirty 7th graders
Teach existing of different cultures in Asia
3. Case 3:
Paris
Filipino as a second language; intermediate level
A mix of 10 senior citizens; 10 university students
Teach them Filipino 。
4. Case 4:
Indonesia
High school students (above average)
Teach to be active, creative…

35. NEXT MEETING:
Issues and trends in the use of
media technology for
classroom instructions