Biology remediation review

Biology Remediation
Review

Just a quick reminder…

Biology Remediation Review - Ms. Royal 1

Things to remember:
Lab Safety
•Graduated Cylinders measure volume – read them at the
bottom of the curve or meniscus
•Always wear goggles, aprons and gloves and point test tubes
away from you when heating!

Biology Remediation Review - Ms. Royal
2

Things to Remember:
Scientific Method
• Independent Variable: Given only to
the Experimental Group, what you
change!
• Dependent Variable: What you
measure or record during the
experiment
• Hypothesis: A testable statement,
possible answer to a problem
• Theory: An accepted idea that is
supported by many hypotheses

3

Things to Remember:
Chemistry of Life
• Carbohydrates: used for energy! Usually a
sugar like glucose (remember, -ose means
sugar)
• Proteins: Made up of Amino Acids, made in
the Ribosome, DNA codes for them
• Enzymes: Special proteins used to speed up
chemical reactions – some work with certain
substrates (if it ends in -ase, it’s an enzyme!)
• Lipids: Fatty acids, used for energy storage,
insulation, lubrication. Phospholipids make up
cell membranes
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

4

Things to Remember:
Cells
• Two different types of Cells:
– Prokaryotes: (Pro means
first) Very small, very
primitive, no organelles,
bacteria
– Eukaryotes: (Eu means true)
True Cells, ALL plant and
animal cells are these, have
organelles (what you made
your t-shirts on!)

5

Things to Remember:
Rough ER
Nucleus
Cells Smooth ER
Golgi
Nucleolus Body

Centrioles
Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cell or
Plasma
Membrane

Cytoplasm

Vacuoles Lysosome

6

Things to Remember:
Photosynthesis:
• How plants make glucose (sugar)

Carbon Dioxide + Water  Sugar + Oxygen

CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
Products Reactants
• Occurs in plant cell’s
Chloroplasts, in the leaves

7

Things to Remember:
Respiration
• Respiration is how a cell’s
mitochondria make energy so the cell
can live! Happens in all living things!
• Makes ATP from glucose (sugar) and
oxygen (O2)
• Aerobic respiration (with air, in
mitochondria) makes more ATP than
Anaerobic respiration (no air, in the
cytoplasm)
8

Things to Remember:
Cell Transport
• Passive Transport: No energy (ATP) is
used:
– Diffusion – Particles move from high to low
concentration
– Osmosis – Diffusion of water only, salt
sucks out, distilled water goes in
• Active Transport: Energy (ATP) is
used:
– Endocytosis and Exocytosis

9

Things to Remember:
Cell Reproduction
• Mitosis • Meiosis
– Makes two – Makes 4 different
identical cells, haploid cells
clones – Happens in
– Happens in body Gametes or Sex
or somatic cells cells (egg &
– Diploid, 2N sperm)
– Prophase, – Haploid, N
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase

10

Things to Remember:
Cell Reproduction
• Crossing Over: • Nondisjunction:
Makes each Chromosomes don’t
chromosome a bit separate like they
different – when should, Down’s
touch swap genes Syndrome

11

Things to Remember:
DNA & RNA
• Structure of DNA was discovered by Watson
& Crick
• DNA has four bases, Adenine (A), Thymine
(T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)
• RNA has four bases, three same as DNA; A, C,
G, but instead of T has Uracil (U)
DNA: RNA:
A=T A=U
C=G C=G

12

Things to Remember:
Genetics
• Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics, worked with pea
plants
• There are alternative versions of genes – different
versions of a type of gene are known as alleles.
• Homozygous describes an individual that has identical
alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes.
• Heterozygous describes an individual that has two
different alleles for a trait.
• Genotype is the actual genetic makeup of an organism.
• Phenotype is the physical trait of an organism (that
may be observable) that was coded from the genotype.

13

Things to Remember:
Genetics
• Regular (Medellian) Dominance: TT,
Tt, tt, Dominate over Recessive traits
• Incomplete Dominance: Where the
traits mix like paint; red flower + white
flower = pink flowers
• Co-Dominate: Where both traits show
up equally and don’t mix or cancel each
other out, AB blood types or Black cat +
white cat = black and white cat (Pinto!)
14

Things to Remember:
Genetics
• Sex-linked inheritance: Where the gene is
transmitted on one of the sex chromosomes (X
mostly), More common in men
• Multiple Alleles: More than 2 alleles for any
gene, blood types, AB, A, B, O
• Polygenic inheritance: Many genes for one
trait – like green eyes, skin color
• Autosomes: All chromosomes except sex
chromosomes (X, Y)
• Karyotype: A picture of chromosomes used to
find abnormal genes

15

Things to Remember:
Genetic Technology
• Recombinant DNA is any DNA that has been
changed
• Plasmids: Little circles of DNA used in
recombinant DNA, found in bacteria
• Gel electrophoresis: Separates the DNA into
lines, used in forensics
• Human Genome Project: Mapping all genes
in all human chromosomes
• Stem cells: cells that have the ability to
create different types of cells
• Transgenic Organism: Organisms that have
the DNA of another organism

16

Things to Remember:
Evolution
• Charles Darwin studied animals in the Galapagos Islands,
came up with the hypothesis of natural selection
• Louis Pasture helped put a stop to the belief in abiogenesis
(snakes from sticks…)
• Natural Selection: 1. more offspring than can survive 2.
variations in offspring 3. some variations have more
advantages 4. those that survive, make more babies!
• Gene pool: all the genes in a population
• Co-evolution: two organisms evolve together, flowers and
humming birds
• Vestigial structures: useful in ancestors, but not in
organisms now – like our appendix
• Speciation: creating two or more species due to geographic
or reproductive isolation – Horses and Donkeys

17

Things to Remember:
Classification
• Carl Linnaeus: Developed Binomial nomenclature
• Homologous structure: similar in structure, but
different functions
• Analogous structure: different structure, similar
functions (wings)
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species
• Dichotomous Keys: used to identify organisms,
always start at the top
• Phylogenic Tree: shows how organisms are related
through common ancestors
• Five Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant Animal

18

Things to Remember:
Ecology
• Biomes: A biome is a large geographical area characterized
by certain types of plants and animals.
• Biotic factors: living things; Abiotic factors: nonliving
things
• Symbiosis: organisms living together, can be helping or
hurting
• Carrying Capacity: How many animals a certain
environment can support, go above it, animals die
• Limiting Factors: things that limit the size of a population
• Sun  Producers (plants)  first consumers (herbivores/prey)
 second consumers (predators/omnivores/carnivores)
• Autotrophs: Make their own food (plants)
• Heterotrophs: Can’t make their own food (everyone else)
• Carbon Cycle: Plants use Carbon Dioxide, ALL organisms
release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

19

Things to Remember:
Animal Behavior
• Innate: genetic (born with it), suckling,
migration, hibernation
• Learned: we learn it, habituation (get used to
it), conditioning (bell rings, dog drools),
imprinting (who mamma is), trial and error
• Social: communication (pheromones),
courtship, territory
• Pavlov: came up with classical conditioning,
worked with doggies
• Jane Goodall: Observed Chimpanzees in wild

20

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