3 Rules & 3 Tips When Using THAT or WHICH v2

1. Using that
or which
3 QUICK RULES
3 QUICK TIPS
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2. Contents
TEST YOURSELF
REVIEW THE BASICS
• Question 1
• Question 2
•
•
•
•
BEFORE YOU BEGIN
• Clause VS Phrase
• Two Types of Clauses
What is a Phrase?
What is a Clause?
What is a Restrictive Clause?
What is a Non-restrictive
Clause?
THAT VS WHICH
•
•
•
•
Three Quick Rules
Three Quick Tips
When to use THAT
When to use WHICH
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3. Self Test
ARE YOU SURE?
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4. Which sentence is correct?
1. The cat that I saved from
drowning is now a TV star.
2. The cat, which I saved from
drowning, is now a TV star.
3. The cat, that I saved from
drowning, is now a TV star.
4. The cat which I saved from
drowning is now a TV star.
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5. Answer
The cat that I saved from drowning is now a TV star.
When a clause is restrictive:
(1) use THAT and
(2) do not place the clause between commas
The cat is now a TV star.
The clause is restrictive because
(1) the meaning is different when the clause is removed,
(2) the clause describes a unique subject, and
(3) the clause and the predicate refer to the same thing: the
cat’s life.
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6. Which sentence is correct?
1. Owls that feed on mice have
night vision.
2. Owls which feed on mice have
night vision.
3. Owls, that feed on mice, have
night vision.
4. Owls, which feed on mice, have
night vision.
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7. Answer
Owls, which feed on mice, have night vision.
When a clause is non-restrictive:
(1) use WHICH and
(2) offset the clause between commas
Owls have night vision.
The clause is non-restrictive because
(1) the meaning is unchanged when the clause is removed,
(2) the clause is unrelated to the verb/adjective in the
predicate, and
(3) the clause gives general, not unique, information.
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8. Before you
Begin
Clauses VS Phrases
2 Types of Clauses
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9. BEFORE YOU BEGIN...
Clause VS Phrase
A clause is complete with a
subject and a predicate.
On the other hand, a phrase
lacks a subject or a predicate.
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10. BEFORE YOU BEGIN...
Two Types of Clauses
A non-restrictive clause adds extra
details that can be removed without
changing the meaning of the
sentence.
On the other hand, a restrictive
clause adds important details that, if
removed, changes the meaning of the
sentence.
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11. 3 QUICK RULES
Use THAT
RULE
Use WHICH
1
To start a clause
To start a clause
2
Without commas
before or after the
clause
With commas
before and after
the clause
3
When the clause is
restrictive
When the clause is
non-restrictive
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12. 3 QUICK TIPS
RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
1
The clause describes a
unique subject of the
sentence.
The clause uses general
terms to describe the
subject of the sentence.
2
The clause gives
details that are
related to the
predicate.
3
Removing the clause
changes the meaning
of the sentence.
The clause gives
details that are
unrelated to the
predicate.
Removing the clause
does not change the
meaning of the
sentence.
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13. When to
UseNOTES
THAT
3 QUICK
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14. Use THAT
1. To begin a clause
2. When the clause is
restrictive
3. Without commas before or
after the clause
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15. When
to Use
WHICH
3 QUICK NOTES
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16. Use WHICH
1. To begin a clause
2. With commas before and
after the clause
3. When the clause can be
removed without changing
the meaning of the
sentence
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17. 3 QUICK RULES
Use THAT
RULE
Use WHICH
1
To start a clause
To start a clause
2
Without commas
before or after the
clause
With commas
before and after
the clause
3
When the clause is
restrictive
When the clause is
non-restrictive
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18. Review the
Basics
2 QUICK NOTES
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19. Note
Phrase VS Clause
1
A phrase is a group of words
with no subject or no
predicate.
On the other hand, a clause
is a group of words with a
subject and a predicate.
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20. 1a
Phrase
A group of words with no predicate
is a phrase.
some men
cats
the story
a rabbit
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21. 1b
Phrase
A group of words with no subject is
a phrase.
survived the typhoon
is raining
will eat the fish
was exciting
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22. 1c
Clause
A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a predicate.
The cows survived the typhoon.
In other words, a clause is a
complete sentence.
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23. 1d
Clause
A group of words with a subject
and a predicate is a clause.
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Some men
survived the typhoon.
It
is raining.
The story
will eat the fish.
A rabbit
was excited / exciting.
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24. Note
One More Time...
1
• A clause is complete with a
subject and a predicate.
• However, a phrase lacks a
subject or a predicate.
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25. Note
2
Restrictive VS Non-restrictive
A restrictive clause adds details
that cannot be removed without
changing the meaning of the
sentence.
On the other hand, a nonrestrictive clause adds details that
can be removed without changing
the meaning of the sentence.
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26. 2a
Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause adds details to
indicate a unique subject.
A rabbit
that now lives in
my cupboard
will eat the fish.
The which-clause is specific information.
Your story that I almost
burned last July
turned out to
be exciting.
The which-clause is specific information.
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27. 2b
Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause adds information of
uniqueness or specificity regarding the
subject of the sentence.
Some men that ate my leaves
survived the flu.
The water that is in her kettle is boiling.
A rabbit
that was caught
Your story that we heard
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will eat the fish.
was exciting.
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28. 2c
Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause adds necessary details
that cannot be removed without changing
the meaning of the sentence.
Some men that ate my leaves
survived the flu.
The water that is in her kettle is boiling.
A rabbit
that was caught
Your story that we heard
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will eat the fish.
was exciting.
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29. 2d
Restrictive Clause
When a restrictive clause is
removed, the meaning is different.
Some men That ate my leaves survived the flu.
The water that is in her kettle is boiling.
A rabbit
that was caught
Your story that we heard
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will eat the fish.
was exciting.
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30. Note
One More Time...
2
A restrictive clause adds
necessary details that
cannot be removed without
changing the meaning of the
sentence.
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31. 2e
Non-restrictive Clause
A non-restrictive clause adds details
that do not describe a unique subject.
A non-restrictive clause adds details
that are unique or specific but
unrelated to the predicate.
The non-restrictive clause can be
removed without affecting the
meaning of the sentence.
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32. 2f
Non-restrictive Clause
A clause that adds details that are unique or
specific but unrelated to the predicate can be
considered non-restrictive.
Some men , who I happen to
know personally, ,
survived the flu.
The who-clause is unique but unrelated to the verb in the predicate.
The wine
, which I bought in
Italy last month,
is boiling.
The which-clause is unique but unrelated to the adjective in the predicate.
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33. 2g
Non-restrictive Clause
A non-restrictive clause adds only
additional details.
A rabbit
, which is cute but
nervous,
will eat the fish.
The which-clause is general information.
Your story , which is short
and fast-paced,
was exciting.
The which-clause is general information.
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34. 2h
Non-restrictive Clause
When a non-restrictive clause is
removed, the meaning is the same.
Some men
survived the flu.
The water
is boiling.
A rabbit
will eat the fish.
Your story
was exciting.
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35. Note
One More Time...
2
A non-restrictive clause adds details
that do not describe a unique subject.
A non-restrictive clause adds details
that are unique or specific but
unrelated to the predicate.
The non-restrictive clause can be
removed without affecting the
meaning of the sentence.
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36. SUMMARY
RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
1
The clause describes a
unique subject of the
sentence.
The clause describes a
general subject of the
sentence.
2
The clause gives
specifics that are
related to the verb in
the predicate.
The clause gives
specifics that are not
related to verb in the
the predicate.
3
Removing the clause
can change the
meaning of the
sentence.
Removing the clause
does not change the
meaning of the
sentence.
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37. Related Online Resources
• Short Explanation About That and Which
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/notorious/that.htm
• Quiz with explanations on Which, That, and Who
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/which_quiz.htm
• Three Rules about That and Which
http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/whovwhvt.asp
• A 15-item quiz about That and Which
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/which_that/quiz3333.html
• Explanation about restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/clauses-5.html
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38. Using that
or which
3 QUICK RULES
3 QUICK TIPS
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39. END OF PRESENTATION
Send comments or suggestions to mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com
THANK YOU
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