How to write and outline research proposal questions & recommendations for future research

1. THREE STEPS TO WRITE
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Image courtesy of www.visum.co.uk
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

2. OUTLINE
QUESTION
RECOMMEND

3. The Jumps Page
1. Summary of Main Ideas
• Action: Questions about the Required Action
• Media: Questions about the Proposed Media
• Time: Questions about the Timeframe
• Other Elements: Additional Questions
2. What You Can Do
• STEP 1: Outline the Ideas
• STEP 2: Rephrase the Ideas into Questions
• STEP 3: Recommendations
3. How to Outline
4. Complete the Outline of Research Questions
• Your research might fail: Why Research Questions
are Necessary
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

4. Main Ideas
• ACTION: Can the target beneficiary implement the
proposed action? What intervening variables can
prevent this? How can these intervening variables be
anticipated and prevented? [Sample Questions]
• MEDIA: Can the poster be used by the target
beneficiary to achieve the desired results? What
intervening variables can prevent this? How can these
intervening variables be anticipated and prevented?
[Sample Questions]
• TIME FACTORS: Can the desired results be achieved
within the recommended time frame? What
intervening variables can prevent this? How can these
intervening variables be anticipated and prevented?
[Sample Questions]
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

5. Causes of Research Failure
Can alter the
end results ...
Can change the
results ...
The results
do not...
Unplanned
effects...
Research questions must focus
on how the research can fail. A
proposal must include ways to
eliminate the possibilities of
failure.
Your most
important task
Can damage the
research...

6. Questions About the Required Action
Describe the specific, measurable action
that the target beneficiary must do to meet
the need or solve the problem.
• Can the target beneficiary implement
the proposed action?
• What intervening variables can
prevent this?
• How can these intervening variables
be anticipated and prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

7. Questions About the Proposed Poster
Describe the specific languages, number of
images, and number of steps (techniques,
instructions, or information) in the poster.
• Can the target beneficiary use the poster to
achieve the desired results?
• Can the desired results be achieved by
following the X in the poster?
• What intervening variables can prevent this?
• How can these intervening variables be
anticipated and prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

8. Questions About the Timeframe
Describe the general (not specific) steps, the
goal of each step, who will do the action, and
the time required to complete each step.
• Can the target beneficiary use the poster within
the proposed timeframe?
• Can the desired results be achieved within the
proposed timeframe by following the X in the
poster?
• What intervening variables can prevent this?
• How can these intervening variables be
anticipated and prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

9. Other Elements
• Imagine challenges, problems or
intervening variables that can happen at
each step of the proposal. Find a theory
that can explain why such challenges can
happen.
• Think of solutions to meet these
challenges. Find a theory that can explain
why such an idea might work.
• Include the questions in your Research
Questions. Hyperlink each in-text citation
to a source that details the theory.
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

10. What You Can Do
• Paraphrase the questions so that
they become specific to your
proposal.
• List the questions in outline form.
• Add questions as they occur to you.
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

11. HOW TO WRITE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1: OUTLINE
Summarize each
idea, and then
arrange the ideas in
the order that is
easiest for your
readers to absorb.
Image courtesy of (www.greenhousemovement.com)
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

12. Step 1: Outline the Ideas
• Required Action
– Can the target beneficiary implement the proposed action?
– What intervening variables can prevent this?
– How can these intervening variables be prevented?
• Poster Design and Content
– Can the poster be used by the target beneficiary to achieve the
desired results?
– What intervening variables can prevent this?
– How can these intervening variables be anticipated and
prevented?
• Time Element
– Can the desired results be achieved within the proposed time
frame?
– What intervening variables can prevent this?
– How can these intervening variables be anticipated and
prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

13. Summarize the Required Action
• Can the target beneficiary
implement the proposed action?
• What intervening variables can
prevent this?
• How can these intervening variables
be prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

14. Summarize the Poster
• Can the poster be used by the target
beneficiary to achieve the desired
results?
• What intervening variables can
prevent this?
• How can these intervening variables
be anticipated and prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

15. Summarize the Timeframe
• Can the desired results be achieved
within the proposed time frame?
• What intervening variables can
prevent this?
• How can these intervening
variables be anticipated and
prevented?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

16. HOW TO WRITE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2: QUESTION
Rephrase each idea into a
question. To minimize
criticisms from others, be
your own best critic.
Image courtesy of (www.greenhousemovement.com)
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

17. Step 2: Rephrase the Ideas into Questions
• Required Action
the poster?
– Can X prevent this? Can
X2 solve this challenge?
– Can Y prevent this? Can
Y2 solve this challenge?
– Can young nursing
mothers in Uganda
decrease by 90% within
six months the malaria
infection rate in their
• Time Element
children?
– Can nursing mothers who
– Can X prevent this? Can
use the poster decrease
X1 solve this challenge?
malaria infection among
– Can Y prevent this? Can
Uganda children by 90%
Y1 solve this challenge?
within six months?
• Media Effectiveness
– Can X prevent this? Can
X3 solve this challenge?
– Can young nursing
mothers in Uganda
– Can Y prevent this? Can
understand and correctly
Y3 solve this challenge?
follow the 10 steps on
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

18. Question Your Required Action
Required Action
• Can young nursing mothers in Uganda
decrease by 90% within six months the
malaria infection rate in their children?
• Can X prevent this? Can X1 solve this
challenge?
• Can Y prevent this? Can Y1 solve this
challenge?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

19. Question Your Medium’s Effectiveness
Media Effectiveness
• Can young nursing mothers in
Uganda understand and correctly
follow the 10 steps on the poster?
• Can X prevent this? Can X2 solve
this challenge?
• Can Y prevent this? Can Y2 solve this
challenge?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

20. Question Your Timeframe
Time Element
• Can nursing mothers who use the
poster decrease malaria infection
among Uganda children by 90%
within six months?
• Can X prevent this? Can X3 solve this
challenge?
• Can Y prevent this? Can Y3 solve this
challenge?
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

21. Step 2: Rephrase Into Research Questions
Rephrase your outline of ideas into question
form. Where possible, include citations to
references that detail or support your ideas.
• Question the Required Action [Examples]
• Question Media Effectiveness [Examples]
• Question the Time Element [Examples]
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

22. HOW TO WRITE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
3: RECOMMEND
Questions that can be addressed
after your proposed timeframe
can be expressed as statements
(not questions) in your
Recommendations
Image courtesy of (www.greenhousemovement.com)
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

23. Step 3: Recommendations for Future Research
Include factors or elements that can prevent or delay each research activity
or goal. If their solutions are beyond your research schedule, state them
as recommendations for future research.
• Lack of Ability [Examples]
–
–
–
–
Cannot read some or all parts of the poster due to ...
Cannot understand some or all parts of the poster due to ...
Cannot adapt the ideas on the poster to local situations due to ...
Cannot translate ideas on the poster to local situations due to ...
• Lack of technology [Examples]
– Cannot produce or create the poster due to ...
– Cannot distribute the poster due to ...
– Cannot display the poster for maximum community access due to ...
• Political or Cultural Factors [Examples]
– Harvest, hunting, planting seasons
– Elections
– Religious festivals
• Intervening Variables [Examples]
– Poster materials are incompatible with weather conditions
– Accidents, deaths, births, burials
– Posters are used for other purposes
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

24. Question the Abilities
In your proposal, record any factors or elements that can be
related to lack of ability of the target beneficiaries to implement the
required action. Whenever possible, include links to prove or support
your ideas.
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to read some or all
parts of the poster due to ... (Author, YEAR). For future
research, it is recommended that...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to understand some
or all parts of the poster due to ... (Author, YEAR). For future
research, it is recommended that...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to adapt the ideas
from the poster to local situations due to ... (Author, YEAR).
For future research, it is recommended that...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to translate ideas
from the poster to local situations due to ... (Author, YEAR).
For future research, it is recommended that...
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

25. Lack of Technology
In your proposal, record any factors or elements that can be
related to lack of technology among the target beneficiaries to
implement the required action. Whenever possible, include links to
prove or support your ideas.
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to produce
or create the poster due to ... (Author, YEAR). It is
recommended that future research analyze ...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to distribute
the poster due to ... (Author, YEAR). It is
recommended that future research focus on ...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to display
the poster for maximum community access due to
... (Author, YEAR). It is recommended that future
research examine ...
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

26. Political or Cultural Factors
In your proposal, record any factors or elements that can be
related to political or cultural among the target beneficiaries to
implement the required action. Whenever possible, include links to
prove or support your ideas.
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to xxx due
to necessary harvest, planting, hunting, fishing
cycles or seasons, etc. ... (Author, YEAR). Future
research can examine ...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to xxx due
to necessary election periods, gatherings, work, etc.
... (Author, YEAR). Future research might expand ...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to xxx due
to necessary religious festivals, etc.... (Author,
YEAR). Future research can include ...
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

27. Other Intervening Variables
In your proposal, record any factors or elements that can be
related to other intervening variables in the target milieu. Whenever
possible, include links to prove or support your ideas.
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to xxx due
to poster materials that are incompatible with local
technology, conditions, weather, etc. ... (Author,
YEAR). Future research can include ...
• The target beneficiaries may be unable to xxx due
to sudden emergencies, accidents, births, deaths
etc. that may (can/usually happen) occur during the
project implementation period... (Author, YEAR).
Future research might include ...
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

28. Step 3: Recommendations for Future Research
Include factors or elements that can prevent or
delay each research activity or goal. If their
solutions are beyond your research schedule,
state them as recommendations for future
research.
• Lack of Ability [Examples]
• Lack of Technology [Examples]
• Political or Cultural Factors [Examples]
• Other Intervening Variables [Examples]
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

29. How to Outline
• Cognitive Skills & Cluster Outlines - How To
Outline a Paper, Essay or Proposal
• Cognitive Skills & Cluster Outlines - How To
Outline A Paper, Essay, or Proposal
• http://www.slideshare.net/JaimeCabrera3/pre
-writing-how-to-write-a-cluster-outline-fromproblem-statement-to-research-paper
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

30. HOW TO COMPLETE THE OUTLINE OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
FIVE THINGS
THAT YOU CAN DO
Image courtesy of (asonofgod.com
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

31. 5 Things You Can Do
1. Know the parts of a research proposal. Copy
and adapt the headings into your outline.
2. Copy the headings from the Project Poster and
arrange this into your outline.
3. Add sources as citations and references as you
find them. Use the APA format.
4. Hyperlink citations to the reference (not to the
online source.)
5. In the reference list, use the short website
address (usually ending in com, gov, or edu).
This should be hyperlinked to the article, not
the homepage.
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

32. GOLDEN RULE OF
RESEARCH WRITING
Adapt or Modify, Cite and Reference
• Know the parts of a research proposal. Copy and
adapt the headings into your outline.
SEARCH KEYWORDS
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

33. Parts of a Research Proposal
Copy the headings from the Project Poster and
arrange this into your outline.
FIND IT HERE
Add missing section: Original Input
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE

34. END OF PRESENTATION
Send questions and suggestions to mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com
THANK YOU
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
END SHOW

35. THREE STEPS TO WRITE
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Image courtesy of www.visum.co.uk
FIRST SLIDE
LAST SLIDE
JUMPS PAGE
PREVIOUS SLIDE
LAST VIEWED
NEXT SLIDE